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World Health Organization definition:
state of physical, psychological, and social well being |
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| When things like social safety nets become endangered, cutbacks in social service, and privatization, then there comes more foreign aid and more corruption |
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A person moving abroad to escape economic pressures, and seeks to leave oppresive poverty
Tends to be immigrants from third world countries |
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| 7 STEPS TOWARDS A NEW ETHNOGRAPHY |
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Definition
1) create a mutual and collaborative relationship
2) reduce self awareness of one's own bias/ positionality
3) honing one's sense as to see everything as new and understanding with respect
4) must speak the language
5) begin to learn an insider's perspective to understand better
6) put specific events in historical perspectives
7) make representations with full awareness of the consequences of reproducing this representation of people being represented |
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| MULTIPLE LEVELS OF ETHNOGRAPHY IN DANCING SKELETONS |
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Definition
1) applied nutritional study program by understanding human biology
2)ethnography brought new experiences/ voyeurism
3) documents her own transformations (confessions/ reflection)
4) catalysts action from audience
5) binocular vision |
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the study of observing and recording the measurements of bone dimensions, and statistically analyzing them,
sub division of anthropology |
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| the malaise people get when they are immersed or brought into an alien culture |
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-the political/cultural ecologies of disease
-studies the distribution of disease
-physical adaptations of disease |
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| one's own private version of our cultural socialization |
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allows for depth perception
- through binocular vision we can become aware of our own imprisoning socialization and idioculture |
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- of narrow mindedness, not knowing any other alternative
-lack of perspective
- can manipulate ignorance for evil |
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1) fighting over resources (ideological, materials,)
2) differences created to justify power
3) dehumanization
4) victimization/exploitation of work
5)exploitation = power + profit
6)powerful protect the power and profit
7) inequalities lead to conflict and resistance
8) more power = more violence, more coercion needed
9) victimization dehumanizes the perpertrators
10) separation, ignorance, and isolation
11) provincialism, hate, fear, and ethnocentrism continue |
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| "SKELETONS" OF ANTHROPOLOGY |
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Definition
1) Studies dominated people
2) anthropology aided imperial projects
3) instrument of colonial rule
4) scientific racism, use of scientific techniques to sanction racism
5) didn't reject or try to end colonization
6) discouraged liberation struggles
7) pretended to be a neutral science
8) representation of "others" as entertainment
9) upheld different "good life" for colonized vs. colonizers |
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-pressed upon
-caught in between forces that prevents mobility
-process where people are prevented from exercising legitimate rights and denied freedoms/ dignity/ justice |
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| tension/ hostility towards members of a minority group |
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| the set of beliefs that certain human groups have inherent characteristics that make them superior to others, or believe to have the right to rule over other human groups |
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-policy where major powers use economic/ political means to extend influence over under developed nations
-used to justify unequal trade relationships and coercion |
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Some opinions of "westernization"
- colonizing nations by generally dominating resources/ labor/ and markets
- and may also impose socio cultural/ religious/ linguistic structures
- used to justify exploitation, coercion, genocide |
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Definition
| - Imposition of a new cultural system that leaves those who are colonized, with a lack of identity and limited sense of their past |
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-forceful extension of a nation's authority by territory conquest
-establishing economic and political domination of other nations that are not it's colonies |
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| -based on ethnocentric belief that the morals and values of the colonizer are superior to those who are colonized |
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-extension of a nation's soverignty over a territory beyond it's borders by the establishment of settler colonies or administrative dependencies
-as a result indigenous populations are directly rule/displaced
-used to justify land appropriation and resource extraction |
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Emic: insider cultural perspective
Etic: outsider cultural perspective |
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| Suspending one's own cultural bias/ perspective and ethnocentric judgements to better understand and appreciate another culture |
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-unexplained bias/prejudice
-tendency to think of one's own culture as superior to anothers and judge others based on one's own cultural framework/ values= |
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| a major power that acquires some degree of consent from the subordinate as opposed to dominance purely by force |
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| where a major power dominates over another |
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-Cultures that practice male being the head of the family
-Men therefore have more priviledges, more power, more influence, more authority, and the social structures are male centered |
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| -born with chromosomal anomalies or ambiguous genitalia |
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| CORE VALUES causing CONTRADICTIONS because of CULTURE CHANGE THEORY |
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Definition
1. first there are core contradictions
2. the contradictions cause conflict
3. conflict results in resistance and backlash to conformity
4. the culture changes as a result to the resistance
5. a deviant culture produces |
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Definition
When one immerses into another culture and adopts all the characteristics of that culture and loses past.
Process of ethnic group losing distinction and being absorbed into a major culture
Hybrid cultures form as a result |
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when there is complete acculturation and loss of original culture results or inability to switch comfortably
(a kind of limbo of culture) |
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| Lifelong process of socialization into one's culture |
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| Process occurs when different cultures interact and selectively take on aspects of a new culture while giving up aspects of one's own |
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| Holding onto one's own culture while rejecting dominant values |
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| Culture not belonging to either subculture or traditional culture. |
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| Functioning in two or more cultures |
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| SOME U.S. DOMINANT CORE/ CULTURAL VALUES |
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Definition
1. Personal achievement and success
2. Individual autonomy, freedom of self
3. Heterosexuality
4. Humanitarianism, helping the underdog
5. equality for all
6. democratic principles
7. materialism/consumerism
8. individual importance
9. science as a tool of mastery over environment
10. progress toward a better life
11. nationalism
12. hardwork/productivity
13. practicality and efficiency
14. outward conformity
15. importance of education
16. importance of family
17. everyone is middle class
18. obsessed with body size/ image |
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| DEVIANT/ "COUNTER" CULTURE |
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Definition
| a culture for people who will not or cannot conform to the dominant culture |
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| a group within a large group that lives within the general norms of a dominant culture while preserving unique roots and lifestyles |
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| a culture whose norms/values/ language dominates |
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-a society in which multiple cultures are at work and ideally coexist
-theory greatly endangered by prejudice, discrimination, and selective imigration policies |
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Definition
- increased flow of goods, communication, people, ideologies, and services across national borders
-the integration of a global economy
-increases flow of disease... |
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| CULTURE AS POWERS/ REPRESENTATIONS |
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Definition
REPRESENTATIONS: a presentation to the mind in the form of an idea/ image (culture can be said to be a perceived representation of people)
POWER: possession of controlling influence
therefore...
Representations are a mix of influence and power and the representations reflect these influences rather than reality, and this influences how people are seen and how people are treated
ex. Representation and power linked! Anthropologists get us to think in a certain way and shape our beliefs by getting us to think of other’s culture as weird. They have “power” over us. |
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Definition
-Rendering of another culture as an "other" and therefore creating more dissimilarities which leads to racism, and discrimination
-Created through the process of stigmatization of an "other"
-The dissimilarities that become stressed than carry onto how people represent themselves and how they see others, especially through stereotypical images
-way of defining/securing one's own culture and positive identity |
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| Neutral study of exotic "others" and their life way to preserve posterity |
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| Anthropologists construct peoples/communities/cultures as "fields" to work on and observe |
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| units of analysis constructed by the studier |
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| 15 CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE |
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Definition
1. dynamic
2. intergrated
3. uniquely human trait
4. bounded
5. groups of "others"
6. changes slowly
7. innate
8.gives order to chaos
9. an intricate web of meaning
10. expressed through symbols
11. adaptive
12. learned patterns
13. related to environment
14. partial/ selective
15. characteristics of a social group |
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Definition
| material/economic culture |
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| identities, social organizations, roles, power, relationships |
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| ideologies, symbols, cognitive models |
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| WAYS TO IMPROVE GLOBAL HEALTH |
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Definition
1) prevention
2) individual care (clinical care)
3) equity in health
4) improving health |
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Definition
1) malnourished and hungry
2) lower resistance to disease
3) weak and often sick
4) less energy for work
5) less food to produce
6) not enough to feed family |
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| EFFECTS OF WESTERNIZATION |
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Definition
-A kind of cultural imperialism and undermines the cultural soverignty of a nation
- Forces developing nations to focus more on business rather than more important internal affairs |
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Definition
| the cycle/time of life a person pursues from birth to death |
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Definition
-A result of unequal relations in power
-Provides the undergirding for axes of social division
-It's a social function of legitimizing unequal group statuses |
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Definition
Place in the social hierarchy based on distance from the means of production owner
ex. ceo vs. manager. vs worker |
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| Informal ranking of people in a culture based on their income, occupation, education, dwelling and other factors |
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| an offensive insult towards marginalized sexualities |
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Definition
-both are socially constructed
-sex is the physical marking distinction between female and males
-gender is constructed by psycholgical, social, political, and cultural factors/forces |
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| -Referring to a person's individual's eroticism/emotional attachment with reference to the gender/sex of their intimate partner |
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-Marked by cultural bounds and characteristics
-biological distinctions
-Context of male/female behavior, expectations, constraints on people by the virtue of "sex" |
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Definition
| - Biological based category, that is determined by genetics and hormones that control the anatomical structures of bodies |
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| the belief that information about heredity can be used to improve the human race by lowering the "fertility" of genetically inferior populations |
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| Race is a socially constructed phenomenon, set of relationships with biological /physical manifestations and distinctions |
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Definition
Cultural category, membership in a group identified by a culture, language, religions,
-often emerges as a result of immigration, persecution, and racism |
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| FAMILY VS HOUSEHOLD FUNCTIONS |
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Definition
FAMILY: people related by marriage or blood ties
HOUSEHOLD: people related by living situation, social support, share living space |
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| Process by which the outcome of institutional inequality has the result of creating increased suffering, excess disease and death |
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Systematic/ covert forms of racism that are perpertrated by dominant groups, social systems, and institutions like medicine law and education
Insitutionalized professions don't provide services because of ethnicity/race |
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| the average age to which a person in a particular area is expected to live |
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| Those opportunities for acquiring favorable life experiences- good life, liberty, and happiness |
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Racial, political, and economic segregation of non europeans
- example of social hierarchy at work, representations and power, and structural violence |
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Definition
-When unequal treatment is systematic and is perpetuated by dominant groups
-Social systems and the institutions are built into the system |
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| Interplay between cultural beliefs, social, political, and economic structures |
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-Factors in the social, political, and economic organizations of society that limit life chances
-Social mobility through discrimination |
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Definition
-Organized patterns of relationships, between individuals and groups within a society
-Social structure orders behavior in predictable fashions
-Influences their interactions
-Product of social relationships |
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Definition
| -The process by which social structures come to exist |
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Marked by the intersection of one's role on the social hierarchy and social structure
-Individual/group's location in social hierarchies, affects how you get healthcare! |
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Definition
-Determined and measured by
1) INCIDENCE (# of newly diseased)
2) MORTALITY (# of those dead from disease)
3) SURVIVAL RATES (length of survival after time of diagnosis)
-Occurs when one group of people have a higher incidence/ mortality rate than another or when survival rates are lower |
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| 4 MEANS OF ACHIEVING THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY |
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Definition
EFFICACY- the ability to produce desired/intended results
1) STRUCTURAL (symbolic transaction)
2) SOCIAL SUPPORT (touch, company, food)
3) CLINICAL (radiation treatment)
4) PERSUASIVE (more spiritual) |
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| STAGES OF SICKNESS EPISODES |
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Definition
1) sufferring unwanted alteration
2) symptom recognition
3) diagnosis
4) therapy (form)
5) therapy (effect)
6) outcome |
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| 3 COMPONENTS OF HEALTH BELIEF SYSTEMS |
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Definition
1) ETIOLOGY: illness causation theory, what causes it?
2) DIAGNOSIS: ways to diagnose the problem
3) PRESCRIPTION: for appropriate therapy |
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| 4 COMPONENTS OF HEALTH SYSTEMS |
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Definition
1) HEALERS: specialists who cure, restore, or prevent sickness
2) THERAPIES: practices that reflect experiences of sickness and health and meanings attached to the body
3) SUFFERERS: the patients
4)HEALTH BELIEF SYSTEM: often religious, that helps people deal with sickness, death, and loss/brings meanings and order to the human experience |
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Definition
both are based on perception
'illness' is the feeling, 'disease' is what the doctor's see |
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Definition
-Regimes of politics/economic values that emerge primarily at the level of states and also within social groups
-Study of how health services are differentially allocated based on wealth
-Helpful in uncovering the hidden causes of illness as they relate to capitalism and neoliberal economics |
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Term
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Definition
1. expose the skeletons
2. help end neoimperialism
3. train more "native" anthropologist
4. be accountable to people studied
5. develop new theories
6. debunk theories of race/culture "pseudoscience"
7. do more U.S. anthropology |
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Definition
- The study of relationships between humans and environments
-Emphasizes that both environment and health risks are affected by culture
-Historical interaction between human groups affect environment through population movement, land use, and differential access to resources |
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Definition
-biosocial aspects of disease
-having to do with the interaction of biological and social forces |
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| ETHNOGRAPHY AS RADICAL CONTEXTUALIZATON |
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Definition
1. ethnography can eradicate provincialism
2. assigns/ racial/ethnic labels used to rationalize patterns of institutionalized social inequality, economic exploitation and group oppression |
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| WHAT ROLE DOES 'CULTURE' PLAY IN TREATMENT OUTCOME |
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Definition
-Health is rooted in
1) Cultural conceptions
2) social connections
3) human biology
- Goal is to analyze everything that makes up the health arena in a culture and this will help to understand and aid in the process of creating efficient and sustainable healing systems |
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| WHY DO SOCIETIES VARY IN HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS, AND ILLNESS EXPERIENCE? |
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Definition
-differing perceptions of health due to culture
-differing cultures due to social structure |
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| WHAT DETERMINES HEALTH/ILLNESS |
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Definition
-culture
-society
-political/economic structures |
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| WHY HAVE MEDICAL ANTHROPOLOGY |
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Definition
-useful to address issues of race and racism with culture in disparity research
-helps understand human suffering and identify the causes as well as successful ways of treating it |
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Definition
| Human experience and perception of unwanted alterations in health based on a culture |
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| The clinical perception of a state, perceived manifestations of altered physical functions or infections (what the doctor sees) |
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| Any unwanted conditions of self |
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| FOUR SUB DISCIPLINES OF ANTHROPOLOGY |
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Definition
1) biological
2) linguistics
3) archeology
4) socio-cultural |
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Definition
- An approach or perpsective
-A framework for understanding and explaining some phenomena |
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Term
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Definition
1. document the development of humans as culture bearing animals
2. identify universals in human experience
3. explain human cultural diversity |
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Definition
1. geographical reach
2. level of cooperation
3. individuals or populations
4. access to health
5. range of disciplines |
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Definition
| Collective, public, social, efforts to protect, promote, and restore the public's health |
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Definition
-Health work by global northerners
-Geographical focus on developing countries |
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