Term
| What U.S. magazine has the highest circulation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What technology is "bringing sexy back" to the magazine industry? |
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Definition
| QR (Quick Response) Codes that let customers use their smart phones to connect to the magazine or advertisers websites |
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Term
| What are the three stages of media development? |
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Definition
| elite (richest/best educated have access), popular (available to masses), and specialized (break up into special interests such as sports or weddings) |
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Term
| Where was the first magazine printed? |
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Definition
| Edifying Monthly Discussions by Johann Rist printed in Germany in 1663. |
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Term
| What was the first magazine in England? |
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Definition
| Edward Cave's Gentleman's Magazine in 1731 (much like Reader's Digest) |
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Term
| What were the first American magazines? |
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Definition
| Bradford's "American Magazine" and Franklin's "General Magazine" were published within 3 days of eachother and failed after 6 months. |
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Term
| What was the first successful Women's magazine? |
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Definition
| "Ladie's Magazine" by Sarah Hale in 1828. Then bought by Louis Godey who renamed it "Godey's Lady's Book" and kept Hale as editor |
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Term
| Predecessor to first successful women's magazine? |
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Definition
| "Ladie's Home Journal" in 1833 |
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Term
| The Golden Age of Magazines was made possible to what factors? |
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Definition
| Commitment to education mean an increase in literacy, Postal Act of 1879 reduced the rate to send magazines through the mail, and free delivery to farms and country homes in the 1890s |
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Term
| Why was the Postal Act of 1879 important to magazines? |
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Definition
| Reduced the rate to send magazines through the mail |
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Term
| What was Muckraking and who coined the term? |
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Definition
| Investigative journalism conducted with the goal of social reform. Term coined by Teddy Roosevelt. |
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Term
| Know these two muckrakers: |
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Definition
| Ida Tarbell (standard oil) and Lincoln Steffens (city hall) |
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Term
| What 3 major magazines died as a consequence from 1960s advertisers switching their ads from magazines to TV? |
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Definition
| Life, Look, and Saturday Evening Post |
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Term
| Who is known as the "king of digests?" |
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Definition
| Reader's Digest by Dewitt and Lila Wallace in 1922 |
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Term
| What was the first general interest magazine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What magazine has the top U.S. revenues? |
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Definition
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Term
| What caused the demise of the magazine biz in the 1970s? |
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Definition
| Magazines were hurting from advertisers switching to TV advertising. Brought on the deaths of Life, Look, and Saturday Evening Post magazines |
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Term
| Who is Cathie Black and what advice does she give? |
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Definition
| Former president of Hearst Magazine 1996-2010. Advice: sit front and center of table in meetings, have an open door policy, be straight forward, network/make connections quickly |
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Term
| What is a trade magazine? |
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Definition
| Targets those in specific businesses and industries. Advertise products and services those industries need. |
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Term
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Definition
| low-cost, self-published magazines put out by fans on a variety of topics, also called fanzines. |
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Term
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Definition
| Only appear on the internet such as Slate and Salon |
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Term
| Who is the magazine publisher? |
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Definition
| Title of person who is most important and often is the founder. |
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Term
| What is a contributing editor? |
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Definition
| Title given to magazine's highest paid free-lance writers, who sometimes polish others' work. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Cost Per thousand/Mile. Guideline for the price of each exposure of a customer to an ad. |
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Term
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Definition
| post card sized reply cards inserted into magazines usually for subscriptions. |
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Term
| What are split-run editions? |
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Definition
| slightly different versions of the same magazine; as in demographic and regional editions for customers with different characteristics or geographic areas. |
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Term
| What are subscription fulfillment companies? |
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Definition
| businesses that specialize in soliciting magazine subscriptions. |
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Term
| What are paid circulation magazines? |
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Definition
| magazines that readers pay for subscriptions or news stand charges |
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Term
| What is controlled circulation? |
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Definition
| a system of distribution in which magazines are sent free to desired readers. |
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Term
| What is pass-along circulation or pass-along readership? |
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Definition
| Readership beyond the original purchaser of a publication. Example: after reading a magazine, my boss sets it in the lobby of the salon for our customers. |
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Term
| Who invented celluloid film? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were Thomas Edison's two inventions that paved the way for film making? |
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Definition
| kinetograph- early motion picture camera and kinetoscope- early motion picture viewer |
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Term
| What was an example of Edison's film shorts from the 1890s? |
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Definition
| The Great Train Robbery by Edwin Porter featuring the first chain scene and first western. |
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Term
| What was the "Black Maria?" |
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Definition
| Edison's movie studio in West Orange, New Jersey. Same studio used to shoot The Great Train Robbery |
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Term
| What did Edison see as the main use of films? |
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Definition
| to be visual accompaniments to his earlier invention, the phonograph |
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Term
| What was the name of Edison's Trust? |
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Definition
| Motion Picture Patents Company |
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Term
| How did Edison's Trust attempt to control the movie equipment business? |
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Definition
| Conditions: 1) couldn't make films if you didn't pay the Trust's fees 2) the Trust could destroy any equipment and violators could be prosecuted for patent infringement if anyone attempted to use camera or film |
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Term
| What was the first movie's title and director released in 1915? |
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Definition
| D.W. Griffith's Civil War epic "The Birth of a Nation" |
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Term
| What technique's did Griffith perfect in "The Birth of a Nation?" |
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Definition
| the close-up, flashback, fade out, and montage |
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Term
| Why did the movie industry move to California? |
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Definition
| To hide from Edison's Trust, cheap labor in South California, and diverse scenery and mild climate for ideal shooting |
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Term
| What is the studio system? |
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Definition
| Defeated Edison's Trust. Created by Adolph Zukor's Paramount Studios. Revolutionized the movie industry by vertical integration |
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Term
| What are the three parts of vertical integration in the movie industry? |
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Definition
| Production (created stars such as Mary Pickford), Distribution (block booking and blind booking), and Exhibition (own theaters) |
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Term
| What woman was known as one of the first movie stars? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| directors that have their own style as an artist. Example: Steven Spielberg is known for films such as Jaws and Jurassic Park |
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Term
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Definition
| Forcing theater owners to show movies with unknown stars in order to get movies with established stars |
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Term
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Definition
| film clips covering current events shown in theaters before the advent of TV. |
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Term
| What did they call the first movies with sound? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the first movie with sound and who was the star of it? |
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Definition
| The Jazz Singer starring Al Jolson in 1927. Contained only 354 words and produced by Warner Brothers. |
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Term
| What was the Paramount decision and why was it important? |
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Definition
| Major studios such as MGM and Paramount were forced to sell theaters in 1948 after 10 years of law suits for vertical integration and monopolistic practices. Severe blow to studios |
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Term
| What was the Hollywood Ten? |
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Definition
| investigations of alleged subversive, communist ties led by the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC). 41 interviews outted 19 people that were "un-American" |
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Term
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Definition
| in 1960 the Hollywood Ten investigations led by HUAC outted 19 "un-American" people who were boycotted by major studios |
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Term
| What were the first theaters? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were the modern theaters of the 1930s called? |
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Definition
| movie palaces. offered air conditioning |
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Term
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Definition
| multiple screen movie theaters introduced in the 1970s |
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Term
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Definition
| 16 or more screen movie theaters with stadium seating, upscale concessions, sell ads to boost revenue, hire fewer employers |
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Term
| American films are what percent of world's film revenues? |
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Definition
| 80% but only produce 15% of the world's films |
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Term
| What country produces the most films? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did the Supreme Court rule after VCRs were introduced in the early 1980s? |
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Definition
| 1983 Supreme Court ruled video recording for private use was NOT an infringement of copyright |
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Term
| What happened as a result of the rise of the DVD? |
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Definition
| not much industry resistance, seen as a VHS replacement |
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Term
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Definition
| the illegal copying and selling of movies |
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Term
| How did the movie industry dissuade file sharing after the 2003 declaration of war against file sharers? |
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Definition
| Movie companies devised methods for encryption to dissuade illegal downloads |
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Term
| What was the first movie to be produced entirely by computer? |
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Definition
| Disney's Toy Story in 1995 |
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Term
| What percentage of movies make money? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What do we call the profitable movies that bankroll the industry? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the average cost to produce a movie today? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the 3 phases of production? |
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Definition
1)preproduction: script, funding, set
2)production: shooting
3)postproduction: editing and improvements |
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Term
| What are the motion picture marketing windows? |
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Definition
Domestic theatrical (1 weekend-6 months)
Overseas theatrical (several weeks after domestic)
Home media (3-6 months, DVD, payperview, OnDemand)
Television (3 months-several years, standard cable) |
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Term
| What is an executive producer? |
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Definition
| The person who finds the financing for a film and puts the package together |
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Term
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Definition
| People who lead the actual day-to-day work of making a film |
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Term
| What are second unit directors? |
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Definition
| Movie directors in charge of shooting the scenes that do not require the stars. |
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Term
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Definition
| person who designs the physical look of the film |
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Term
| What is a cinematographer? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a continuity supervisor? |
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Definition
| film crew member in charge of making sure the shots match up; sometimes called the script's supervisor |
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Term
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Definition
| member of film crew who sets up and moves cameras |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| the gaffer's (lighting director's) assistant |
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Term
| Who was the "Father of American Music"? |
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Definition
| Stephen Foster. Wrote Oh! Suzanna |
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Term
| What was the first recorded sound played on and who invented it? |
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Definition
| Thomas Edison's phonograph in 1877. Had a cylinder with grooves cut into it, included a horn and a hand crank |
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Term
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Definition
| similar to a phonograph, flat disks (rather than cylinders) with lateral grooves cut on one side |
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Term
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Definition
| introduced in 1906, made to look like a piece of furniture, easier to produce, Victrola disks were less expensive than cylinders |
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Term
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Definition
| District in NYC where songs were written "on order" for Broadway shows |
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Term
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Definition
| released first national rock hit "Crazy Man Crazy" in 1953 along with "Shake, Rattle and Roll", and "Rock Around the Clock" |
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Term
| Who was Elvis, where was he born, why was he important? |
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Definition
| born on the wrong side of the tracks in Tupelo, Mississippi known as "the white boy from black community." Borrowed many songs from blacks and defined rock music until the 1960s |
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Term
| What Elvis song was released by Sun Records in 1954? |
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Definition
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Term
| What black singer was the first to get a No. 1 hit with a "white" cover? |
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Definition
| Ray Charles with "I Can't Stop Loving You" |
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Term
| What happened the day the music died? |
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Definition
| 1959 3 of rock n rolls biggest stars Buddy Holly, Richie Valens, and the Big Bopper were killed in a plane crash |
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Term
| What triggered the start of the "British Invasion"? |
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Definition
| The Beatles arrived in U.S. in 1964 to appear on The Ed Sullivan Show |
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Term
| What was the hysteria over the Beatles known as? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| speaking in rhythm over drum beats |
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Term
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Definition
| the backing music for rap |
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Term
| What was the first commercial rap record? Artist? |
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Definition
| "Rappers Delight" in 1979 by The Sugar Hill Gang |
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Term
| What are the 4 major labels of the music industry? |
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Definition
| EMI, Sony BMG, Universal, and Warner |
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Term
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Definition
| (artist and repertoire) discover and develop the groups and performers |
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Term
| What does the music producer do? |
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Definition
| Oversee the making of a master record from start to finish |
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Term
| What are the 2 types of royalties? |
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Definition
1) recording artist- makes money from recording sales (CDs, downloads, tapes)
2) songwriter and publisher- makes money from TV, radio, live performances, and recording sales |
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Term
| What is analog recording vs. digital recording? |
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Definition
Analog- soundwave is stored directly to recording medium
Digital- sound broken down electronically into numerical codes of 1s and 0s |
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Term
| In what order are technologies introduced into the format wars? |
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Definition
| Records 1950s > 8-track 1960s > cassette tapes late 70s/early 80s > CDs 1983 > MP3 and Apple's iPod 2000s |
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Term
| What is high-fidelity (HiFi) sound? |
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Definition
| truest sound to the original |
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Term
| What is Napster and why is it important? |
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Definition
| 1999 developed first successful free file-sharing program but the free version was shut down through legal action |
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Term
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Definition
| a point-of-sale computer system that determines sales for best selling record lists |
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Term
| What is stereophonic sound? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What technologies of the 1990s did not "cut the mustard" during the format wars? |
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Definition
| Digital Audio Tapes (DAT) and MiniDiscs (MD) |
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|
Term
| Who discovered radio waves? |
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Definition
| Hertz in 1887 when he ran an electric current through one coil, which produced a current in another coil across the room which is called an electromagnetic spectrum |
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Term
| Who is credited with inventing radio? |
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Definition
| Guglielmo Marconi in 1896 when he combined Edison's electric coil and Morse's telegraph |
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Term
| Who really invented the radio? (Think: The Bucket List) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is wireless telegraphy? |
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Definition
| name for early radio transmissions before human voices could be carried on the air waves. |
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|
Term
| Who is credited with inventing wireless telephony (wireless voice transmission)? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an Audion and who invented it? |
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Definition
| a tube invented by Lee De Forest that was designed to pick up and amplify radio signals; also known as a vacuum tube |
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Term
| What are four examples of wired vs. wireless in the technology wars? |
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Definition
1) telegraph vs. radio
2) cable vs. TV
3) home phone vs. cell phones
4) traditional internet vs. WiFi |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1926 RCA's David Sarnoff formed the first 2 radio networks NBC Red and NBC Blue |
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Term
|
Definition
| in 1927 Paley bought the money losing Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) from Columbia Record Company |
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Term
|
Definition
| Became the voice of WWII on CBS radio |
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Term
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Definition
| when networks own and operate some of the local stations that they provide programming to |
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Term
| What was the Mutual Broadcasting System? |
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Definition
| formed by 1934 coalition of independent stations not affiliated with the major networks |
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Term
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Definition
| created in the mid 1940s when the government forced RCA to sell one of it's networks |
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Term
| What is a network affiliate? |
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Definition
| a local station that has a contractual relationship to air a network's programming |
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Term
| What is the Radio Act of 1912? |
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Definition
| Came about because of the Titanic. Required ships at sea to leave radio on 24/7. required federal licensing of all radio transmitters |
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Term
| What is the Radio Act of 1927? |
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Definition
| Established FRC (later FCC) with powers to limit the number of broadcasters, assign frequencies, and revoke licenses. required broadcasters to operate in the "public interest, convenience, and necessity" |
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Term
| What are call letters? Which start with W and which start with K? |
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Definition
| Letter assigned to beginning of a radio station's name. W for East of Mississippi River and K for West. Example: 98.5 KVOO in Tulsa, OK |
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Term
| What is the Communications Act of 1934? |
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Definition
| FRC became FCC (Federal Communications Commission) which gave it authority over interstate telephone, telegraph, and radio communication. |
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Term
| What is the Telecommunications Act of 1996? |
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Definition
| Eliminated radio station ownership restrictions. Before: no more than 2 per market area. After: as many as 8 per market. Effect: from 1996 to 2004, the number of radio station owners decline by 34% |
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Term
|
Definition
| Scientist Edwin Armstrong believed FM (frequency modulation) waves that created their signal by modulating the frequency/speed at which the wave traveled, would be of higher quality |
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|
Term
| What is the difference between AM and FM radio? |
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Definition
AM- created its signal by changing (modulating) the power (amplitude) of the carrier wave
FM- created its signal by modulating the speed (frequency) at which the wave traveled |
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|
Term
| When was the Golden Age of Radio? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of programming did the Golden Age of Radio feature? |
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Definition
| formula dramas, situation comedies, soap operas, game shows, musical variety, talk shows, broadcast news and sports |
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|
Term
| What are transistors and what did they allow? |
|
Definition
| transistors were miniature versions of the vacuum tube which made radio portable |
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Term
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Definition
| prerecorded DJ's that give the illusion of live radio studios |
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|
Term
| How does Clear Channel exhibit synergy? |
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Definition
| owns 1,200 of the largest and most profitable stations out of the 13,750 U.S. radio stations |
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Term
|
Definition
| How radio stations divide up their time: morning drive time, midday, afternoon drive time, evening, and overnight |
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Term
|
Definition
| visual way programmers lay out their broadcast hour; looks like a pie chart |
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|
Term
| When are "drive times" on the radio? |
|
Definition
Morning drive time: 6-10 am
Afternoon drive time: 3-7 pm |
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|
Term
| What format has the most listeners and stations today? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| radio format where the current 40 best-selling songs are played on rotation |
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Term
|
Definition
| a practice in which record companies paid radio station personnel to play certain records |
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|
Term
| What is National Public Radio (NPR)? |
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Definition
| A distinctive niche in radio news that Congress set up in 1970 to connect noncommercial stations and produce programs for them to use |
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