Painful, abnormal, difficult, labored Example: Dyspepsia – Difficult or painful digestion, often referred to as indigestion, characterized by symptoms like bloating, nausea, or heartburn.

• Below normal or deficient Example:
  Hypoglycemia - A condition characterized by abnormally low blood sugar levels, often causing symptoms like dizziness, weakness, and confusion, and requiring prompt treatment with glucose.

• mal-

• Bad or poor Example: Malabsorption - Poor absorption of nutrients in the digestive tract, which can result from conditions like celiac disease, Crohn's disease, or chronic pancreatitis, leading to malnutrition.

• Without, lack of Example: Anuria - The absence of urine production, often indicating kidney failure or severe dehydration, requiring immediate medical evaluation and treatment. 

• Dia-

• Through, complete Example: Dialysis is a medical procedure that removes waste products and excess fluid from the blood when the kidneys can no longer function properly.

• Dys-

• Difficult, painful, or abnormal Example:
  Dysuria - Painful or difficult urination, often caused by urinary tract infections (UTls), kidney stones, or other underlying

• Hyper-

• Excessive, above normal Example:
  Hyperuricemia - Excessive levels of uric acid in the blood, which can lead to conditions such as gout or kidney stones if untreated.

• Hypo-

• Below normal, deficient Example:
  Hyposthenuria - The excretion of excessively dilute urine due to the kidneys' inability to concentrate it properly, often associated with conditions like diabetes insipidus or chronic kidney disease.

• Poly-

• Many, excessive Example: Polyuria - Excessive urine output, commonly associated with conditions like diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus, often leading to dehydration

• Noct-

• Night Example: Nocturia - Frequent urination at night, which can disrupt sleep and may result from conditions like overactive bladder, urinary tract infections, or heart failure.

• Pertaining to Example: Renal - Pertaining to the kidneys, as in renal function, which refers to how well the kidneys filter waste from the blood.

• -ary:

• Pertaining to Example: Urinary - Pertaining to urine or the urinary system, such as in urinary tract infection (UTI), which affects the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra.

• -cele:

• Hernia, protrusion Example: Cystocele - A herniation of the bladder into the vaginal wall, often caused by weakened pelvic muscles.

• -emia

• In the blood Example: Uremia - A buildup of urea and other waste products in the blood due to kidney dysfunction, often requiring dialysis or kidney transplantation.

• -esis

• In the blood Example: Uremia - A buildup of urea and other waste products in the blood due to kidney dysfunction, often requiring dialysis or kidney transplantation.

• -esis

• Condition Example: Diuresis - A condition of increased or excessive production of urine, often induced by medications like diuretics.

• -gram

• The recorded radiographic image
  Example: Urogram - A radiographic image of the urinary tract, used to identify blockages, stones, or other

• -graph

• Instrument used to record Example:
  Cystograph - An instrument used to record images of the bladder, often during a cystography procedure.

• -iasis

• Condition Example: Nephrolithiasis - A condition characterized by the presence

• -itis

• Inflammation Example: Cystitis -
  Inflammation of the bladder, often caused by bacterial infections and characterized by pain and frequent urination.

• -lith

• Stone Example: Urolith - A stone in the urinary tract, which may form in the kidneys, bladder, or ureters.

• -lysis

• Loosening, dissolution, separating
  Example: Hemodialysis - A procedure that separates waste products from the blood when the kidneys are unable to perform this function.

• -megaly

• Enlarged, enlargement Example:
  Nephromegaly - Enlargement of the kidneys, which may occur due to hydronephrosis or other conditions affecting the renal system.

• -oma

• Tumor, swelling Example: Nephroma - A tumor of the kidney, which may be benign or malignant.

• -реху

• Surgical fixation, suspension Example:
  Nephropexy - Surgical fixation of a floating or mobile kidney to its normal anatomical.

• -ptosis

• Drooping, sagging, prolapse Example:
  Nephroptosis - Drooping or displacement of the kidney, which may cause urinary obstruction or pain.

• -scopic

• Pertaining to visual examination
  Example: Urethroscopic - Pertaining to the visual examination of the urethra, often to diagnose strictures or obstructions.

• -scopy

• Visual examination Example:

Cystoscopy - The visual examination of the bladder and urethra using a cystoscope to identify abnormalities or perform treatments.

• -stomy

• Creation of an artificial opening
  Example: Urostomy - A surgical procedure creating an artificial opening in the abdominal wall to divert urine from the bladder.

• -tomy

• Cut into, incision Example:
  Nephrotomy - A surgical incision into the kidney, often performed to remove kidney stones or treat other abnormalities.

• -uria

• Urine, urination Example: Hematuria - The presence of blood in the urine, often indicating infections, stones, or more serious Conditions like bladder cancer 

abdomin/o-

Abdomen, abdominal Example:

Abdominoplasty - Surgical repair or reconstruction of the abdomen, often referrec@ to as a "tummy tuck."

Eva

• an/o-

• Anus Example: Anoplasty - Surgical repair of the anus, often performed to treat congenital defects or damage caused by trauma.
• antr/o: Antrum Example: Antrectomy 

• an/o-

• Anus Example: Anoplasty - Surgical repair of the anus, often performed to treat congenital defects or damage caused by trauma.
• antr/o: Antrum Example: Antrectomy 

• append/o

• Appendix Example:
  Appendectomy - Surgical removal of the appendix, typically performed in cases of appendicitis.

• appendic/o-

• Appendix Example: Appendicitis

• Inflammation of the appendix, often causing abdominal pain and requiring surgical intervention.

• cec/o-

• Cecum Example: Cecopexy - Surgical fixation of the cecum, often performed to correct volvulus (twisting of the bowel).

• celi/o

• Abdomen, abdominal cavity Example:
  Celiotomy - Surgical incision into the abdominal cavity, often performed to explore or treat abdominal conditions.

• col/o, colon/o-

• Colon Example: Colitis -
• Inflammation of the colon, which can cause symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain,and cramping

• enter/o-

• Intestine Example: Enteritis -
  Inflammation of the intestines, often caused by infection. 

• esophag/o-

• Esophagus Example: Esophagitis

• Inflammation of the esophagus, often resulting from acid reflux or infections.

• gingiv/o-

• Gum Example: Gingivitis -

Inflammation of the gums, often caused by poor oral hygiene or bacterial infection.

gloss/o-

Tongue Example: Glossitis is inflammation of the tongue that can cause swelling, redness, and pain. It is often caused by infections or nutritional deficiencies.

• hepat/o-

• Liver Example: Hepatomegaly - Enlargement of the liver, often caused by Infections and fatty liver 

• herni/o-

• Hernia, protrusion of an organ through a membrane or cavity wall Example:
  Herniorrhaphy - Surgical repair of a hernia to reposition the protruding organ and strengthen

• lapar/o-

• Abdomen, abdominal cavity Example:
  Laparoscopy - A minimally invasive surgical procedure used to view and treat abdominal

• lingu/o-

• Tongue Example: Sublingual -
  Situated under the tongue, often referring to the administration of medications for rapid.

• or/o-

• Mouth Example: Oral - Pertaining to the mouth, such as in oral hygiene practices.

• palat/o:

• Palate Example: Palatoplasty -
  Surgical repair of the palate, often performed to correct cleft palate deformities.

• pancreat/o-

• Pancreas Example: Pancreatitis - Inflammation of the pancreas, often caused by gallstones or excessive alcohol

• peritone/o-

• Peritoneum Example: Peritonitis - Inflammation of the peritoneum, the membrane lining the abdominal cavity, often Caused by infection. 

• polyp/o-

• Polyp, small growth Example:
  Polypectomy - Surgical removal of a polyp, often performed during a colonoscopy to prevent cancer development.

• proct/o-

• Rectum Example: Proctitis -
  Inflammation of the rectum, which can cause by discomfort 

• pylor/o-

• Pylorus, pyloric sphincter Example:
  Pyloroplasty - Surgical repair of the pyloric sphincter to improve food passage from the stomach.

• rect/o-

• Rectum Example: Rectocele - A bulging of the rectum into the vaginal wall, often caused by weakening of pelvic floor muscles.

• sial/o-

• Saliva, salivary gland Example:
  Sialadenitis - Inflammation of a salivary gland, often caused by bacterial infections or blockage

• steat/o-

• Fat Example: Steatorrhea - Excess fat in stool, often a sign of malabsorption disorders like celiac disease or chronic

• stomat/o-

• Mouth Example: Stomatitis -
  Inflammation of the mouth, which can result from infections, irritants, or systemic diseases.

• uvul/o-

• Uvula Example: Uvulectomy - Surgical removal of the uvula, often performed to treat snoring or sleep apnea.

• xer/o-

• Dryness Example: Xerostomia - Dryness of the mouth caused by reduced saliva production, often associated with certain medications

• albumin/o-

• Albumin Example: Albuminuria - The presence of albumin (a type of protein) in the urine, often a sign of kidney damage

• azot/o-

• Urea, nitrogen Example: Azotemia - Ar elevated level of urea and other nitrogenous

• blast/o-

• Developing cell, germ cell Example:
  Nephroblastoma - A cancerous tumor of the kidney that arises from immature kidney cells, also known as Wilms tumor, commonly found in children. 

• cyst/o-

• Bladder, sac Example: Cystitis - Inflammation of the urinary bladder, often caused by bacterial infection, leading to frequent and painful urination.

• glomerul/o-

• Glomerulus Example:
  Glomerulonephritis - Inflammation of the glomeruli, the tiny filtering units in the kidneys, which can lead to kidney dysfunction.

• glyc/o, glycos/o-

• Sugar Example:
  Hyperglycosuria - Excess sugar in the urine, commonly associated with uncontrolled diabetes or kidney filtration issues.

• hydr/o-

• Water Example: Hydronephrosis - The swelling of a kidney due to a buildup of urine caused by obstruction in the urinary tract.

• lith/o-

• Stone, calculus Example:
  Nephrolithiasis - The formation or presence of kidney stones, often causing severe pain and urinary obstruction.

• nephr/o-

• Kidney Example: Nephrectomy - Surgical removal of a kidney, often performed.

• noct/o-

• Night Example: Nocturnal Enuresis - Involuntary urination during sleep, commonly known as bedwetting. This condition is most often seen in children, but it can also occur in adults due to medical issues such as diabetes, bladder dysfunction, or neurological disorders.

• py/o-

• Pus Example: Pyuria - The presence of pus in the urine, indicating a urinary tract infection or kidney infection.

• pyel/o-

• Renal pelvis Example: Pyelitis - Inflammation of the renal pelvis, often caused by bacterial infections ascending from the bladder.

• ren/o-

• Kidney Example: Renal failure - The inability of the kidneys to filter waste products and balance fluids and electrolytes in the body.

• ur/o-

• urin/o: Urine, urinary tract Example:
  Urology - The branch of medicine focused on the study and treatment of urinary tract diseases and disorders.

• ureter/o-

• Ureter Example: Ureteroplasty -
  Surgical repair of a ureter to correct blockages or structural abnormalities.

• urethr/o-

• Urethra Example: Urethritis -
  Inflammation of the urethra, often caused by bacterial infection or sexually transmitted infections 

• vesic/o-

• Bladder, sac Example: Vesicoureteral reflux - A condition where urine flows backward from the bladder into the ureters, increasing the risk of kidney infections and damages 

gloss/o-

Tongue Example: Glossitis is inflammation of the tongue that can cause swelling, redness, and pain. It is often caused by infections or nutritional deficiencies.

• gingiv/o-

• Gum Example: Gingivitis -

Inflammation of the gums, often caused by poor oral hygiene or bacterial infection.

• choledoch/o-

• Common bile duct Example:
  Choledocholithiasis - The presence of stones in the common bile duct. 

• ren/o-

• Kidney Example: Renal failure - The inability of the kidneys to filter waste products and balance fluids and electrolytes in the body

• vesic/o-

• Bladder, sac Example: Vesicoureteral reflux - A condition where urine flows backward from the bladder into the ureters, increasing the risk of kidney infections. 

• ur/o-

• urin/o: Urine, urinary tract Example:
  Urology - The branch of medicine focused on the study and treatment of urinary tract diseases and disorders.

• noct/o-

• Night Example: Nocturnal Enuresis - Involuntary urination during sleep, commonly known as bedwetting. This condition is most often seen in children, but it can also occur in adults due to medical issues such as diabetes, bladder dysfunction, or neurological disorders.

• blast/o-

• Developing cell, germ cell Example:
  Nephroblastoma - A cancerous tumor of the kidney that arises from immature kidney cells, also known as Wilms tumor. 

• azot/o-

• Urea, nitrogen Example: Azotemia - Ar elevated level of urea and other nitrogenous waste products in the blood, typically resulting from kidney dysfunction.

• cec/o-

• Cecum Example: Cecopexy - Surgical fixation of the cecum, often performed to correct volvulus (twisting of the bowel).

• appendic/o-

• Appendix Example: Appendicitis

• Inflammation of the appendix

• choledoch/o-

• Choledocholithiasis - The presence of stones Often require removal. 

• lapar/o-

• Abdomen, abdominal cavity Example:
  Laparoscopy - A minimally invasive surgical procedure used to view and treat abdominal Pelvic conditions 

• lingu/o-

• Tongue Example: Sublingual -
  Situated under the tongue, often referring

• noct/o-

• Night Example: Nocturnal Enuresis - Involuntary urination during sleep, commonly known as bedwetting. This condition is most often seen in children, but it can also occur in adults due to medical issues such as diabetes, bladder dysfunction, or neurological disorders.

• steat/o-

• Fat Example: Steatorrhea - Excess fat in stool, often a sign of malabsorption disorders like celiac disease or chronic.

• uvul/o-

• Uvula Example: Uvulectomy - Surgical removal of the uvula, often performed to treat snoring. 

BMI-

• A measurement of body fat based on height and weight, used to assess whether an individual is underweight, normal weight

EGD = Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

A diagnostic procedure in which a flexible endoscope is used to examine the esophagus, stomach, and upper part of the small intestine 

FTT = Failure to Thrive

• A condition in infants or children characterized by insufficient weight gain or growth, often caused by inadequate nutrition.

GERD = Gastroesophageal Reflux

Disease

A chronic condition in which stomach acid or bile flows back into the esophagus, causing symptoms such as heartburn, regurgitation,

Gl = Gastrointestinal

Referring to the digestive system, which includes the stomach, intestines, and associated organs involved in digestion

IH = Inguinal Hernia

• A condition in which a portion of the intestine or abdominal tissue protrudes through a weak spot in the inguinal canal, causing

IBD = Inflammatory Bowel Disease

A group of chronic inflammatory conditions affecting the gastrointestinal tract, primarily including Crohn's disease and ulcerative.

IBS = Irritable Bowel Syndrome

• A common functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel.

NG Tube = Nasogastric Tube

• A tube inserted through the nose into the stomach, used for feeding, administering medications, or draining stomach contents. 

NAFLD = Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver

• A condition characterized by excess fat accumulation in the liver not caused by alcohol consumption, often associated with obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome.

PN = Parenteral Nutrition

• A method of providing nutrition intravenously

®

bypassing the digestive tract, often used in patients with severe gastrointestinal

Eva.

UC = Ulcerative Colitis

A form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes chronic inflammation and ulcers in the colon and rectum, leading to symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain.

Brunner's Glands

Named After: Johann Conrad Brunner, a Swiss anatomist. Glands in the duodenum that secrete alkaline mucus to protect the intestinal lining. These glands help neutralize stomach acid in the small intestine, playing 

Crohn's Disease

• Named After: Burrill Crohn, an American gastroenterologist.
• A chronic inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract, often affecting the ileum and colon. Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and malnutrition. It is a type of inflammatory.

Gilbert's Syndrome

• Named After: Augustin Nicolas Gilbert, a French physician.
• A hereditary liver disorder resulting in mildly elevated bilirubin levels, typically without significant symptoms. It is often detected incidentally during routine blood tests.

Whipple Procedure

• Named After: Allen Whipple, an American surgeon.

A complex surgical procedure that involves removing the head of the pancreas, part of the small intestine, the gallbladder, and the bile duct. It is performed primarily to treat pancreatic cancer or other diseases affecting the pancreas and nearby organs. The full name of this procedure is pancreaticoduodenectomy

(pancreatic/o = pancreas, duoden/o = duodenum (first

part of the small intestine), -ectomy = surgical.

• Cath- 

• A non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland, common in older men, that can cause urinary symptoms such as difficulty starting urination or a weak urine stream. Cath =

• CKD

• The insertion of a catheter, a thin flexible tube, into the bladder to drain urine, monitor output, or deliver medications directly to the
  urinary tract. CKD = Chronic Kidney Disease.

• Cysto-

• A long-term condition characterized by the gradual loss of kidney function over time, potentially leading to end-stage renal disease
  if untreated. Cysto = Cystoscopy

• DRE-

• A diagnostic procedure in which a thin, flexible scope is inserted through the urethra to examine the bladder and urethra for
  abnormalities. DRE = Digital Rectal 
• Examination

• ESRD-

• A manual exam where a healthcare provider inserts a finger into the rectum to check for abnormalities in the prostate gland or rectal
  area. ESRD = End-Stage Renal Disease.

• ESWL-

• The final stage of chronic kidney disease, where the kidneys can no longer support the body's needs, often requiring dialysis or kidney transplantation. ESWL =
  Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy.

• PKD

• A non-invasive procedure that uses shock waves to break up kidney stones into smaller pieces, allowing them to pass through the
  urinary tract. PKD = Polycystic Kidney Disease.

• TURP

• A genetic disorder characterized by the development of fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys, which can lead to kidney enlargement and impaired function. TURP =
  Transurethral Resection of the Prostate

• UTI-

• A surgical procedure to remove part of the prostate gland through the urethra to relieve symptoms caused by an enlarged prostate
  (BPH). UTI = Urinary Tract Infection

• Bartter Syndrome

• An infection affecting any part of the urinary system, including the bladder, urethra, or kidneys, commonly causing symptoms like painful urination and frequent urges to urinate. Bartter Syndrome

Bowman's Capsule

• Named After: Sir William Bowman, an English.

• Henle's

• A cup-shaped structure in the nephron of the kidney that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate from blood plasma. They are integral to the filtration process in the kidneys, initiating urine formation. Henle's

Gastrointestinal

Referring to the digestive system, which includes the stomach, intestines, and associated organs involved in digestion.

Inguinal Hernia

• A condition in which a portion of the intestine or abdominal tissue protrudes through a weak spot in the inguinal canal, causing.

NG Tube = Nasogastric Tube

• A tube inserted through the nose into the stomach, used for feeding, administering medications, or draining stomach contents.

PUD = Peptic Ulcer Disease

Brunner's Glands

Named After: Johann Conrad Brunner, a Swiss anatomist. Glands in the duodenum that secrete alkaline mucus to protect the intestinal lining. These glands help neutralize stomach acid in the small intestine, playing a key role in preventing damage . 

Crohn's Disease

• Named After: Burrill Crohn, an American gastroenterologist.
• A chronic inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract, often affecting the ileum and colon. Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea.

• eu-

• Good, normal Example: Euthyroid: A state in which the thyroid gland functions normally producing the right levels of thyroid hormones necessary for metabolism and Growth

• hyper-

• Above, excessive Example:
  Hyperthyroidism: A condition in which the thyroid gland produces excessive thyroid hormones, leading to symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, weight loss, and nervousness.

• hypo-

• Below, under, deficient Example:
  Hypoglycemia: A condition characterized by abnormally low blood sugar levels, often causing symptoms such as dizziness, shakiness, and confusion.

• оху-

• Rapid, sharp, acid Example: Oxytocin: A hormone released by the pituitary gland that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and the release of milk during Brestfeeding

• pan-

• All, total Example: Panhypopituitarism:
  A condition in which the pituitary gland tails to produce or secretes all of its hormones, leading to a wide range of endocrine dysfunctions.

• para-

• Around, beside, beyond, abnormal Example: Parathyroid: Small glands located beside the thyroid gland, responsible for regulating calcium levels in the blood and bone metabolism.

• poly-

• Many or much Example: Polyuria:
  Excessive urination, a common symptom of diabetes mellitus due to high blood sugar levels affecting kidney function.

• poly-

• Many or much Example: Polyuria:
  Excessive urination, a common symptom of diabetes mellitus due to high blood sugar levels affecting kidney function.

• syn-

• Joined, together Example: Synergistic hormones: Hormones that work together to amplify their effects, such as insulin and growth hormone in promoting cell growth.

• tetr-

• Four Example: Tetralogy of Fallot: A condition involving four congenital heart defects that may indirectly affect endocrine function due to oxygenation issues.

• tri-

• Three Example: Triiodothyronine (T3): A thyroid hormone that contains three iodine atoms and plays a critical role in regulating metabolism and energy levels.

• -drome

• Run, running together Example:
  Syndrome: A group of symptoms or signs that occur together, such as Cushing's syndrome, which results from excessive cortisol production by the adrenal glands.

• -ectomy

• Excision, cut out Example:
  Thyroidectomy: Surgical removal of the thyroid gland, often performed to treat conditions such as hyperthyroidism, thyroid cancer, or goiters.

• -emia

• Condition of the blood Example:
  Hyperglycemia: High levels of glucose in the blood, commonly associated with diabetes mellitus and requiring careful monitoring and management.

• -ism

• State of Example: Hypothyroidism: A state of underactive thyroid function, resulting in reduced production of thyroid hormones and symptoms like fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance.

• -itis

• Inflammation Example: Thyroiditis:
  Inflammation of the thyroid gland, which may result from autoimmune conditions like Hashimoto's thyroiditis or infections.

• -logist

• Specialist who studies and treats
  Example: Endocrinologist: A medical specialist who studies and treats disorders of the endocrine system, such as diabetes, thyroid diseases, and hormonal imbalances.

• -logy

• Study of Example: Endocrinology: The study of the endocrine system, including the glands, hormones, and their related diseases.

• -megaly

• Enlarged, enlargement Example:
  Acromegaly: Abnormal enlargement of extremities caused by excessive growth hormone secretion from the pituitary gland in adulthood

• -oid

• Resembling Example: Adrenoid:
  Resembling the adrenal glands in shape or function, possibly used in anatomical studies or to describe tissue with adrenal-like characteristics.

• -oma

• Tumor Example: Insulinoma: A tumor of the pancreas that produces excessive amounts of insulin, often leading to episodes of hypoglycemia.

• -pathy

• Disease Example: Adenopathy: A disease or enlargement of glandular tissue, such as in swollen lymph nodes or glandular dysfunction in the endocrine system.

• -plasia

• Condition of, formation, development, growth Example: Hyperplasia:
  Excessive growth or formation of cells within an endocrine gland, such as adrenal hyperplasia, which can affect hormone production.

• -tomy

• Incision, cut into Example:
  Adrenalotomy: A surgical incision into the adrenal gland, often performed to remove a tumor or investigate gland abnormalities.

aden/o

Cland Example Adenoma: A benign

tumor of an endocrine gland, such as a pituitary adenoma, which can affect hormone production and cause symptoms like vision

adren/o

adrenal/o: Adrenal glands Example

Adrenalectomy: Surgical removal of one or both adrenal glands, often performed to treat adrenal tumors or excessive hormone secretion.

• calc/i

• Calcium Example Hypercalcemia: An elevated level of calcium in the blood, often caused by overactivity of the parathyroid
• glands (hyperparathyroidism).

• cortic/o

• Cortex, outer layer of a body organ Example Corticosteroids: Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex, such as cortisol, which play roles in stress response, immune regulation, and metabolism.

• dips/o

• Thirst Example Polydipsia: Excessive thirst, commonly associated with diabetes
• mellitus or diabetes insipidus due to hormonal imbalances affecting water regulation.

• endocrin/o

• Endocrine Example
  Endocrinopathy: A disease or disorder affecting the endocrine system, including the glands and hormones that regulate bodily functions.

• glyc/o

• Sugar Example Hyperglycemia:
  Elevated blood sugar levels, a hallmark of diabetes mellitus caused by insufficient
• insulin production or action.

• home/o

• Example Homeostasis:
  The maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body, such as balanced hormone levels to regulate metabolism and growth.

• kal/i

• Potassium Example Hypokalemia: A condition characterized by low potassium levels in the blood, which can result from adrenal dysfunction such as hyperaldosteronism.

• myx/o

• Mucus Example Myxedema: Severe hypothyroidism characterized by swelling and deposits of mucus-like substances in the skin, often affecting the face and extremities.

• natr/o

• Sodium Example Hyponatremia: A condition characterized by low sodium levels in the blood, which can result from hormonal imbalances such as adrenal insufficiency.

• parathyroid/o

• Parathyroid gland Example
  Parathyroidectomy: Surgical removal of one or more parathyroid glands, often performed to treat hyperparathyroidism and manage calcium imbalances.

• pituitar/o

• Pituitary gland Example
  Pituitarism: Any disorder of the pituitary gland, such as hypopituitarism, which results in decreased hormone production and widespread endocrine effects.

• somat/o

• Body Example Somatotropin: A growth hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates body growth and cell reproduction.

• thyr/o

• thyroid/o: Thyroid gland Example Thyrotoxicosis: A condition caused by excessive thyroid hormone levels, leading to symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, weight, loss.

ALD = Aldosterone

• A hormone produced by the adrenal glands that helps regulate blood pressure and balance electrolytes by promoting sodium retention and potassium excretion.

ACTH = Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal glands to release cortisol, which helps regulate stress, metabolism, and immune response.

ADH = Antidiuretic Hormone.

A hormone produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the pituitary gland that regulates water balance in the body by reducing urine production and increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys.

DKA = Diabetic Ketoacidosis.

• A serious complication of diabetes where the body produces high levels of blood acids (ketones) due to insufficient insulin, often accompanied by high blood sugar levels and dehydration.

DM = Diabetes Mellitus.

• A group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood sugar levels resulting from either insufficient insulin production (type 1) or resistance to insulin (type 2).

EPI, Epi = Epinephrine.

• A hormone and neurotransmitter, also known as adrenaline, produced by the adrenal glands to prepare the body for the "fight or flight" response by increasing heart rate, blood flow, and energy avallability.

FBS = Fasting Blood Sugar.

A test that measures blood glucose levels after an overnight fast to help diagnose diabetes or monitor blood sugar control.

FSH = Follicle-Stimulating Hormone.

A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that plays a critical role in reproductive processes, including the maturation of eggs in females and the production of sperm in males.

GD = Graves' Disease.

• An autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, leading to overproduction of thyroid hormones.

HGH = Human Growth Hormone.

A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and regeneration in the body, particularly during childhood and adolescence.

LADA = Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults.

• A form of type 1 diabetes that develops more slowly and typically occurs in adults, often misdiagnosed as type 2 diabetes due to its gradual onset.

OGTT = Oral Glucose Tolerance Test.

A test that measures blood sugar levels before and after drinking a glucose-containing solution to diagnose diabetes or gestational diabetes.

RAI = Radioactive lodine Treatment.

• A therapy using radioactive iodine to destroy overactive thyroid cells, commonly used to treat hyperthyroidism or thyroid cancer.

TSH = Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone.

• A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that regulates the production of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) by stimulating the thyroid gland.

Addison's Disease-

Named After: Thomas Addison, a British physician.

A condition caused by adrenal insufficiency, leading to reduced production of cortisol and aldosterone.

Symptoms include fatigue, hyperpigmentation, low blood pressure, and weight loss.

Cushing's Syndrome-

• Named After: Harvey Cushing, an American neurosurgeon.

A disorder caused by excessive cortisol levels, often due to a pituitary adenoma or long-term corticosteroid use. Symptoms include moon face, central obesity, purple striae, and hypertension.

Hashimoto's Thyroiditis-

• Named After: Hakaru Hashimoto, a Japanese physician.

An autoimmune disorder leading to hypothyroidism due to chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland.

Symptoms include fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, and dry skin.

Islets of Langerhans-

Named After: Paul Langerhans, a German pathologist.

Clusters of endocrine cells in the pancreas that secrete insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin. Dysfunction can lead to diabetes mellitus or other metabolic

• a-

• Absence of, without Example Azoospermia: The absence of sperm in semen, which can cause male infertility and may result from blockages or testicular failure

• an-

• Absence of, without Example Anovulation: The absence of ovulation, often leading to infertility and irregular menstrual cycles, commonly caused by hormonal imbalances or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

• dys-

• Painful, difficult Example
  Dysmenorrhea - Painful menstrual cramps, often caused by uterine contractions or underlying conditions like endometriosis.

• endo-

• Within Example Endometritis:
  Inflammation of the inner lining of the uterus (endometrium), often caused by infection or retained tissue after childbirth or miscarriage.

• epi-

• Above Example Epidural: Pertaining to the area upon or above the dura mater of the spinal cord, commonly referring to a type of anesthesia used during childbirth to provide pain relief while allowing the patient to remain awake and alert.

• hyper-

• Above, excessive Example Hypergonadism: A condition characterized by excessive activity of the gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females), leading to overproduction of sex hormones, which can result in early puberty, menstrual irregularities, or fertility issues.

• hypo-

• Reduced function of the gonads (testes or ovaries), leading to decreased hormone production and issues like infertility or delayed puberty.

• oligo-

• Small amount Example Oligospermia:
  A condition characterized by a low sperm count in semen, often contributing to male infertility.

• par-

• Near Example Parovarian cyst: A fluid-filled cyst near the ovary, usually arising from the remnants of embryonic structures.

• peri-

• Surrounding Example: Perimetrium:
  The outermost layer of the uterus, surrounding the uterine wall and providing structural support.

• trans-

• Through, across, beyond Example Transvaginal ultrasound: An imaging procedure where a probe is inserted through the vaginal canal to obtain detailed images of reproductive organs like the uterus and ovaries.

• -al

• Pertaining to Example Vaginal: Pertaining to the vagina, as in vaginal delivery, which refers to childbirth through the birth canal.

• -algia

• Pain Example Orchidalgia: Pain in one or both testicles. The pain can vary from mild discomfort to severe and may be acute (sudden) or chronic (lasting for a longer time).

• -ar

• Pertaining to Example Seminiferous:
  Pertaining to the production of semen, such as in seminiferous tubules found in the testes.

• -atresia

• Occlusion, closure Example Vaginal atresia: Congenital closure or absence of the vaginal canal, which may require surgical correction.

• -cision

• Process of cutting Example Incision:
  A surgical cut made during procedures, such as a cesarean section (C-section).

• -cleisis

• Surgical closure Example
  Colpocleisis: Surgical closure of the vaginal canal, often performed to treat uterine prolapse in elderly patients who are not sexually active.

• -ectomy

• Excision or surgical removal
  Example Hysterectomy: Surgical removal of the uterus, commonly performed to treat fibroids, cancer, or severe uterine bleeding.

• -genesis

• Beginning, development, or production Example Spermatogenesis: The production and development of sperm in the testes.

• -gram

• Record Example
  Hysterosalpingogram: A radiographic image of the uterus and fallopian tubes, used to assess fertility or detect blockages.

-graphy

Process of recording Example

Mammography: The process of obtaining X-ray images of the breasts to screen for abnormalities such as tumors.

• -ia

• Diseased state, abnormal state, conditior a of Example Amenorrhea: The absence of menstrual periods, which can result from hormonal imbalances or other medical conditions.

• -ic

• Pertaining to Example Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis, as in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), an infection of the reproductive organs.

• -ism

• State of, condition Example Cryptorchidism: A condition where one or both testicles fail to descend into the scrotum, often requiring surgical correction.

• -itis

• Inflammation Example Endometritis:
  Inflammation of the inner lining of the uterus, often caused by infection or retained tissue after childbirth.

• -logy

• Study of Example Cynecology: The study of the female reproductive system, including its disorders and diseases.

• -lysis

• Loosening, dissolution, separating
  Example Adhesiolysis: The surgical removal of adhesions, which are bands of scar tissue that can form in the pelvic region and affect fertility.

• -oma

• Tumor, mass Example Teratoma: A type of tumor composed of tissues from different germ layers, often found in the ovaries

• -ous

• Pertaining to Example Gravidous:
  Pertaining to pregnancy, often used in terms like multigravidous (having had multiple pregnancies

• -pathy

• Disease Example Endometriopathy:
  Disease of the endometrium, which may lead to abnormal uterine bleeding or infertility.

• -реху

• Surgical fixation, suspension Example Oophoropexy: Surgical fixation of an ovary, often performed to prevent ovarian torsion.

• -plasia

• Development, growth Example Hyperplasia: Excessive growth of cells, such as endometrial hyperplasia, which can increase the risk of uterine cancer.

• -plasty

• Surgical repair Example Vaginoplasty:
  Surgical repair or reconstruction of the vagina, often performed for congenital abnormalities or after trauma.

• -rrhagia

• Rapid flow of blood Example Menorrhagia: Excessive or prolonged menstrual bleeding, which may result from uterine fibroids or hormonal imbalances.

• -rhaphy

• Suturing, repairing Example Perineorrhaphy: Surgical suturing of the perineum, often performed after childbirth to repair tears.

• -rrhea

• Flow, discharge Example Leukorrhea:
  A white or yellowish vaginal discharge, often indicating an infection or hormonal changes.

• -stomy

• Creation of a new opening Example Colpostomy: The surgical creation of an opening in the vaginal wall to drain fluid or provide access for treatment.

• -tomy

• Cut into, incision Example Episiotomy:
  A surgical incision made in the perineum to enlarge the vaginal opening during childbirth.

• andr/o

• Male Example Androgen: A group of male sex hormones, including testosterone, responsible for the development of male characteristics such as facial hair, deep voice, and muscle mass. Androgens also play roles in libido, bone density, and reproductive health in both males and females.

• arche/o

• First, beginning Example Menarche:
  The first occurrence of menstruation, marking the onset of reproductive capability in females.

• balan/o

• Glans penis Example Balanitis:
  Inflammation of the glans penis, often caused by poor hygiene, infections, or irritants.

• cervic/o

• Cervix Example Cervicitis:
  Inflammation of the cervix, often caused by infections such as chlamydia or gonorrhea.

• colp/o

• Vagina Example Colposcopy: A visual examination of the vagina and cervix using a specialized magnifying instrument to detect abnormalities.

• crypt/o

• Hidden Example Cryptomenorrhea: A condition where menstrual blood is produced but cannot exit the body due to an obstruction, most commonly an imperforate hymen. It causes pelvic pain without visible menstruation and typically requires a minor surgical procedure to restore normal menstrual flow.

• endometri/o

• Endometrium Example
  Endometriosis: A condition where
  endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus, causing pain, heavy periods, and potential infertility.

• epididym/o

• Epididymis Example
  Epididymitis: Inflammation of the epididymis, a coiled tube at the back of the testicle that stores and carries sperm.

• episi/o

• Vulva Example Episiotomy: A surgical incision made in the vulva to enlarge the vaginal opening during childbirth.

• gonad/o

• Gonad Example The surgical removal of the gonads (testes in males or ovaries in females). This procedure is performed to treat conditions such as gonadal cancer, hormone-sensitive cancers like breast or prostate cancer, or as part of gender-affirming surgeries.

• gyn/o, gynec/o

• Woman Example Cynecomastia: A condition in males characterized by the enlargement of breast tissue, giving a female-like appearance. It is often caused by hormonal imbalances, medications, or underlying health conditions and can occur during puberty or in adulthood.

• hemat/o

• Blood Example Hematosalpinx: The presence of blood in the fallopian tube, often associated with ectopic pregnancy or trauma.

• hymen/o

• Hymen Example Hymenotomy: A surgical procedure to remove or open the hymen, often performed to address issues like imperforate hymen.

• hyster/o

• Uterus Example Hysterectomy:
  Surgical removal of the uterus, often performed to treat fibroids, uterine cancer, or severe bleeding.

leuk/o

White Example Leukoplakia: The formation of white patches on mucous membranes, such as the vulva in reproductive e health. Vulvar leukoplakia can cause discomfort and may sometimes be

Ee

precancerous, requiring further medical evaluation.

• mamm/o, mast/o

• Breast Example
  Mammogram: An X-ray image of the breast used to screen for abnormalities such as lumps or tumors.

• men/o-

• Menstruation Example Menopause:
  The cessation of menstruation, marking the end of reproductive capability in women.

• metr/i

• Uterus Example Metritis:
  Inflammation of the uterus, often caused by infections following childbirth or miscarriage.

• oophor/o

• Ovary Example Oophorectomy:
  Surgical removal of one or both ovaries, often performed to treat ovarian cancer or cysts.

• orch/o, orchi/o, orchid/o-

• Testis, testicle
  Example: Orchiectomy - Surgical removal of one or both testicles, often performed to treat testicular cancer.

• pelv/i

• Pelvis, pelvic bones, pelvic cavity Example Pelvimetry: Measurement of the dimensions of the pelvis, often performed during pregnancy to assess the feasibility of vaginal delivery.

• pen/l, phall/o

• Penis Example Phalloplasty:
  Surgical reconstruction or construction of a penis, often performed in gender-affirming surgeries

• perine/o

• Perineum Example Perineoplasty:
  Surgical repair of the perineum, often performed after childbirth or trauma.

• posth/o, preputi/o

• Prepuce, foreskin
  Example Posthitis: Inflammation of the foreskin, often associated with infections or poor hygiene.

• salping/o

• Uterine tube, fallopian tube

Example Salpingectomy: Surgical removal of a fallopian tube, often performed in cases of ectopic pregnancy or severe infections.

• scrot/o

• Scrotum Example Scrotoplasty:
  Surgical repair of the scrotum, often performed for injuries or congenital abnormalities.

• son/o

• Sound waves Example
  Sonohysterography: A diagnostic imaging technique using sound waves to evaluate the uterus and detect abnormalities.

• sperm/o, spermat/o

• Sperm, spermatozoon
  Example Spermatorrhea: The involuntary discharge of semen without orgasm, which can result from neurological disorders, hormonal imbalances, or infections affecting the male reproductive system.

• test/o, testicular/o

• Testis, testicle Example Testicular torsion: A condition where the testicle twists, cutting off its blood supply, and requiring emergency treatment.

• urethr/o

• Urethra Example Urethrocele:
  Prolapse or herniation of the urethra, often seen in women due to pelvic floor weakness.

• vas/o

• Vas deferens, vessel, duct Example Vasectomy: Surgical cutting and sealing of the vas deferens to prevent sperm from reaching the semen as a form of permanent contraception.

• vesicul/o

• Seminal vesicle Example Vesiculitis:
  Inflammation of the seminal vesicles, which can cause pain and affect fertility.

• vagin/o

• Vagina Example Vaginismus:
  Involuntary muscle contractions of the vagina, often causing pain during intercourse or medical exams.

• trachel/o

• Cervix Example Trachelectomy:
  Surgical removal of the cervix, often performed as a fertility-sparing option for early-stage cervical cancer.

AMN = Amniocentesis.

A diagnostic procedure in which a needle is inserted into the amniotic sac to collect amniotic fluid, often used to detect chromosomal abnormalities or infections during pregnancy.

BV = Bacterial Vaginosis.

A common vaginal infection caused by an imbalance in the natural bacteria of the vagina, often resulting in unusual discharge, odor, and irritation.

C-section-

Cesarean Section

• A surgical procedure used to deliver a baby through incisions made in the abdomen and uterus, often performed when a vaginal delivery is unsafe.

HRT = Hormone Replacement Therapy.

• A treatment involving supplemental hormones, typically estrogen and/or progesterone, used to alleviate symptoms of menopause or hormonal imbalances.

HPV = Human Papillomaviruses.

A group of viruses that can cause genital warts and are associated with cervical cancer, as well as other types of cancer in both men and women.

HYS = Hysteroscopy.

• A minimally invasive procedure in which a thin, lighted scope is inserted into the uterus

HYS = Hysteroscopy.

• A minimally invasive procedure in which a thin, lighted scope is inserted into the uterus through the vagina to examine the uterine cavity and treat abnormalities.

IUD = Intrauterine Device.

• A small, T-shaped device inserted into the uterus for long-term contraception, available in hormonal and non-hormonal (copper) types.

NICU = Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

A specialized unit in a hospital that provides intensive care to premature or critically ill newborns.

PID = Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.

• An infection of the female reproductive organs, often caused by sexually transmitted bacteria, which can lead to infertility if untreated.

PMS = Premenstrual Syndrome.

• A group of symptoms, including mood swings, bloating, and irritability, that occur in the days leading up to menstruation.

STIs, STDs= Sexually Transmitted Infections or Sexually Transmitted Diseases.

Infections transmitted through sexual contact, caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites, including chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and HIV.