gastritis 

(stomach inflammation)

enteritis

(intestine inflammation)

hepatomegaly

(enlarged liver)

pylorospasm

(pyloric sphincter contraction)

cholelithiasis

(bile)

(gallstone formation)

colonoscopy

(examining the colon)

rectocele

(rectum prolapse)

uremia

(urine)

(excess urea in the blood)

nephropathy

(kidney disease)

cystoscopy

(examining the bladder)

urethritis

(urethra inflammation)

pyelonephritis

(kidney and renal pelvis infection)

uropathy

(urinary tract disease)

hydronephrosis

(water)

(kidney swelling due to urine buildup)

oliguria

(few, scanty)

(scanty urine production)

Ureter, the tube carrying urine from

the kidney to the bladder

Urethra, tube carrying urine from

the bladder to outside of the body

Relates to the urine and

the urinary tract

Refers to the renal pelvis

funnel shaped structure within

the kidney that collects urine

Stones or calculi,

as in a kidney stone

Denotes the glomerulus

structure within a kidney's nephron

responsible for filtration

Meatus, refers to the

opening or passage

Body Mass Index

A measurement of body fat based on height and weight, used to assess whether an individual is underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese.

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

A diagnostic procedure in which a flexible endoscope is used to examine the esophagus, stomach, and upper part of the small intestine (duodenum) 

Failure to Thrive

A condition in infants or children characterized by insufficient weight gain or growth, often caused by inadequate nutrition or underlying medical conditions.

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

A chronic condition in which stomach acid or bile flows back into the esophagus, causing symptoms such as heartburn, regurgitation, and difficulty swallowing

Gastrointestinal

Referring to the digestive system, which includes the stomach, intestines, and associated organs involved in digestion and nutrient absorption

Inguinal Hernia

A condition in which a portion of the intestine or abdominal tissue protrudes through a weak spot in the inguinal canal, causing a bulge in the groin

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

A group of chronic inflammatory conditions affecting the gastrointestinal tract, primarily including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

  A common functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits (constipation, diarrhea, or both).

Nasogastric Tube

A tube inserted through the nose into the stomach, used for feeding, administering medications,

or draining stomach contents

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

A condition characterized by excess fat accumulation in the liver not caused by alcohol consumption,

often associated with obesity, diabetes,

and metabolic syndrome

Peptic Ulcer Disease 

a condition characterized by open sores or ulcers in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, often caused by Helicobacter pylori infection or the use of NSAIDs

Parenteral Nutrition

A method of providing nutrition intravenously, bypassing the digestive tract, often used in patients with severe gastrointestinal conditions or after surgery.

Ulcerative Colitis

A form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes chronic inflammation and ulcers in the colon and rectum, leading to symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and rectal bleeding.

Glands in the duodenum that secrete alkaline

mucus to protect the intestinal lining

named after Johann Conrad Brunner, Swiss anatomist

A chronic inflammatory condition 

of the gastrointestinal tract

named after Burrill Crohn, American gastroenterologist

A hereditary liver disorder resulting

in mildly elevated bilirubin levels

named after Agustin Nicolas Gilbert, French physician

A complex surgical procedure that involves 

removing the head of the pancreas. part of the small intestine, the gallbladder, and the bile duct

named after Allen Whipple, American surgeon

Acute Renal Failure

A sudden loss of kidney function, leading to the accumulation of waste products in the blood and an imbalance of electrolytes

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

A non-cancerous enlargement of the

prostate gland, common in older men

Catheterization

The insertion of a catheter, a thin flexible

tube, into the bladder to drain urine,

Chronic Kidney Disease

A long-term condition characterized by the gradual loss of kidney function over time

Cystoscopy

A diagnostic procedure in which a thin, flexible scope is inserted through the urethra to examine the bladder and urethra for abnormalities

Digital Rectal Examination

A manual exam where a healthcare provider

inserts a finger into the rectum to check for

abnormalities in the prostate gland or rectal area

End-Stage Renal Disease

The final stage of chronic kidney disease, where the kidneys can no longer support the body's needs

Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy

A non-invasive procedure that uses shock waves to break up kidney stones into smaller pieces

Polycystic Kidney Disease

A genetic disorder characterized by the development of fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys

Transurethral Resection of the Prostate

A surgical procedure to remove part of the prostate gland through the urethra to relieve symptoms caused by an enlarged prostate 

Urinary Tract Infection

(BPH)

An infection affecting any part

of the urinary system

A rare genetic condition affecting the kidneys' ability to reabsorb sodium, leading to hypokalemia,

metabolic alkalosis, and dehydration

Named after Sir William Bowman, an English surgeon

A cup-shaped structure in the nephron of the kidney that surrounds the glomerulus and

collects the filtrate from blood plasma

Named after Sir William Bowman, an English surgeon

The U-shaped portion of the nephron, crucial

for concentrating urine by creating a

 gradient in the kidney's medulla

Named after Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle, a German anatomist