Term
Cardiovascular System Prefixes
Prefixes appear at the beginning of a term and modify its meaning.
brady-
Meaning: Slow
Example: Bradycardia – a slow heart rate (below 60 beats per minute).
endo-
Meaning: Inside, within
Example: Endocarditis – inflammation of the inner lining of the heart.
epi-
Meaning: Upon, over, on top
Example: Epicardium – the outer layer of the heart.
hyper-
Meaning: Excessive, above normal
Example: Hyperlipidemia – elevated levels of lipids in the blood.
hypo-
Meaning: under or below
Example: orthostatic hypotension – low blood pressure that occurs upon standing up.
peri-
Meaning: Around
Example: Pericardium – the membranous sac that contains the heart
tachy-
Meaning: Fast
Example: Tachycardia – a fast heart rate (over 100 beats per minute). |
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Definition
Cardiovascular System Suffixes
Suffixes, found at the end of a term, often describe a condition, procedure, or disease.
-crasia
Meaning: A mixture or blending (often used in relation to blood)
Example: Dyscrasia – an abnormal condition of the blood.
-emia
Meaning: Blood condition
Example: Ischemia – a condition where the blood supply to a part of the body, often the heart, is restricted or reduced.
-ectomy
Meaning: Surgical removal
Example: Atherectomy – removal of plaque from an artery.
-graphy
Meaning: Process of recording
Example: Electrocardiography – recording the electrical activity of the heart.
-itis
Meaning: Inflammation
Example: Myocarditis – inflammation of the heart muscle.
-lysis
Meaning: Destruction, breakdown
Example: Thrombolysis – the breakdown of a blood clot.
-megaly
Meaning: Enlargement
Example: Cardiomegaly – enlargement of the heart.
-osis
Meaning: Abnormal condition
Example: Arteriosclerosis – hardening of the arteries.
-penia
Meaning: Deficiency
Example: Leukopenia – a deficiency of white blood cells.
-plasty
Meaning: Surgical repair
Example: Valvuloplasty – surgical repair of a heart valve.
-rrhage
Meaning: Bursting forth, excessive flow
Example: Hemorrhage – excessive bleeding (in a short amount of time).
-stasis
Meaning: Stopping, controlling
Example: Hemostasis – stopping of blood flow.
-cytosis
Meaning: Condition of cells
Example: Thrombocytosis – an abnormal increase in the number of platelets. |
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Term
Cardiovascular System Word Parts and Combining Forms
Word roots and combining forms represent the core meaning of a term, typically denoting an organ or structure.
angi/o
Meaning: Vessel (usually blood or lymph)
Example: Angioplasty – a procedure to mechanically widen a narrowed or blocked blood vessels.
aort/o
Meaning: Aorta
Example: Aortostenosis– narrowing of the aorta.
arteri/o
Meaning: Artery
Example: Arteriogram– an xray of an artery.
ather/o
Meaning: Fatty plaque
Example: Atheroma– a fatty deposit or plaque within the wall of an artery.
capillar/o
Meaning: Capillaries (the smallest blood vessels)
Example: capillaroscope – an instrument used to examine capillaries.
cardi/o
Meaning: Heart
Example: Cardiomyopathy – the general term for diseases that affect the heart muscle.
chrom/o, chromat/o
Meaning: Color
Example: Hemochromatosis – a condition where excess iron is stored in the body, affecting skin color.
erythr/o
Meaning: Red
Example: Erythrocyte – a red blood cell.
hem/o, hemat/o
Meaning: Blood
Example: Hemoglobin– a protein in red blood cells.
isch/o
Meaning: Restriction, deficiency
Example: Ischemic– a condition or process involving restricted blood flow to a part of the body.
leuk/o
Meaning: White
Example: Leukocyte – a white blood cell.
my/o
Meaning: Muscle
Example: Myocardium – the muscular tissue of the heart.
phleb/o
Meaning: Vein
Example: Phlebotomy – the process of making an incision into a vein, typically to draw blood.
scler/o
Meaning: Hardening
Example: Sclerotherapy – a treatment method used to harden and close off abnormal or damaged blood vessels such as varicose veins.
sten/o
Meaning: Narrowing
Example: Stenocardia - a condition of chest pain caused by the narrowing of blood vessels to the heart.
thromb/o
Meaning: Clot
Example: Thrombosis – formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel.
valvul/o
Meaning: Valve
Example: Valvulopathy – a disease or disorder affecting the heart valves.
vas/o
Meaning: Vessel
Example: Vasospasm – A sudden constriction of a blood vessel.
ven/o
Meaning: Vein
Example: Venous – related to the veins. |
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Definition
Common Abbreviations Used in Medical Terminology of the Cardiac System
A-fib (Atrial Fibrillation)
Definition: A-fib is an irregular and often rapid heart rate that can lead to poor blood flow. The atria (upper chambers of the heart) beat chaotically, which can increase the risk of stroke and heart-related complications.
AED (Automated External Defibrillator)
Definition: An AED is a portable device that can detect life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias and deliver an electrical shock to restore normal heart rhythm, typically used during sudden cardiac arrest.
CABG (Coronary Artery Bypass Graft)
Definition: CABG is a surgical procedure that improves blood flow to the heart by using a healthy blood vessel from another part of the body to bypass a blocked coronary artery, restoring oxygen-rich blood flow to the heart muscle.
CAD (Coronary Artery Disease)
Definition: CAD is the narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries due to the buildup of plaque, reducing blood flow to the heart. It is the most common cause of heart attacks.
Card cath, CC (Cardiac Catheterization)
Definition: Cardiac catheterization is a procedure used to diagnose and treat cardiovascular conditions by inserting a thin tube (catheter) into the heart through blood vessels, often used to examine blockages or perform treatments like angioplasty.
CVI (Chronic Venous Insufficiency)
Definition: CVI occurs when veins in the legs don’t allow blood to flow back properly to the heart, causing blood to pool in the veins. This can lead to symptoms such as swelling, varicose veins, and skin changes.
EKG, ECG (Electrocardiogram)
Definition: An EKG (or ECG) is a test that measures the electrical activity of the myocardium to detect abnormalities in heart rhythm, structure, or function.
HTN (Hypertension)
Definition: Hypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure, occurs when the force of blood against artery walls is too high, increasing the risk of heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular problems.
ICD (Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator)
Definition: An ICD is a device implanted in the chest or abdomen to monitor heart rhythm and deliver shocks if dangerous arrhythmias are detected, preventing sudden cardiac arrest.
MI (Myocardial Infarction)
Definition: A myocardial infarction, or heart attack, occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked, causing damage to the heart muscle. This is often caused by a blockage in one or more coronary arteries.
PAD (Peripheral Artery Disease)
Definition: PAD is a condition where narrowed arteries reduce blood flow to the limbs, commonly the legs. It can cause leg pain and increase the risk of heart disease or stroke.
PVD (Peripheral Vascular Disease)
Definition: PVD is a circulation disorder that affects blood vessels outside the heart and brain, often causing reduced blood flow to the arms and legs, leading to pain or cramping.
Tpa (Tissue Plasminogen Activator)
Definition: Tpa is a clot-dissolving medication used in the treatment of stroke or heart attack by breaking down blood clots that obstruct blood flow to vital organs.
TST (Treadmill Stress Test)
Definition: A TST is a diagnostic test that involves walking on a treadmill while monitoring heart activity to assess how the heart functions during physical stress.
V-fib (Ventricular Fibrillation)
Definition: V-fib is a life-threatening arrhythmia in which the lower chambers of the heart (ventricles) quiver instead of pumping blood effectively, often leading to cardiac arrest. |
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Term
Nervous System Prefixes
Prefixes appear at the beginning of a term and modify its meaning.
a-
Meaning: Without
Example: Aphasia – a condition characterized by the complete loss of ability to speak or understand language.
an-
Meaning: Without, not
Example: Anencephaly – a condition where a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp is absent.
dys-
Meaning: Difficult, painful, abnormal
Example: Dysphasia – difficulty speaking.
hemi-
Meaning: Half
Example: Hemiparesis – weakness on one side of the body.
hyper-
Meaning: Excessive, above normal
Example: Hyperreflexia – exaggerated reflexes.
in-
Meaning: Not, inward
Example: Insomnia – inability to sleep.
inter-
Meaning: Between
Example: Interneuron – a neuron that transmits signals between other neurons.
intra-
Meaning: Within, inside
Example: Intracranial – located or occurring within the skull.
pan-
Meaning: All, entire
Example: Panhypopituitarism – decreased function of all pituitary hormones, affecting the nervous system.
para-
Meaning: Beside, abnormal
Example: Paraplegia – paralysis of the lower half of the body.
poly-
Meaning: Many
Example: Polyneuropathy – damage or disease affecting multiple nerves.
post-
Meaning: After
Example: Postictal – the state following a seizure.
pre-
Meaning: Before
Example: Presynaptic – relating to the area before a synapse.
sub-
Meaning: Under, below
Example: Subdural – located beneath the dura mater, a membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord. |
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Definition
Nervous System Suffixes
Suffixes, found at the end of a term, often describe a condition, procedure, or disease.
-algia
Meaning: Pain
Example: Neuralgia – nerve pain.
-cele
Meaning: Hernia, swelling
Example: Meningocele – hernial protrusion of the meninges.
-cyte
Meaning: Cell
Example: Gliocyte – a glial cell.
-ectomy
Meaning: Surgical removal
Example: Ganglionectomy – surgical removal of a ganglion.
-genic
Meaning: Producing, originating, or causing
Example: Myogenic – originating in muscle tissue but affecting the nervous system.
-gram
Meaning: Record or image
Example: Myelogram – an imaging record of the spinal cord.
-graph
Meaning: Instrument used to record
Example: Electroencephalograph – an instrument for recording brain activity.
-graphy
Meaning: Process of recording
Example: Myelography – imaging of the spinal cord.
-iatrist
Meaning: Specialist in treatment
Example: Psychiatrist – a specialist in treating mental disorders.
-iatry
Meaning: Field of medicine, treatment
Example: Psychiatry – the medical field focusing on mental health.
-itis
Meaning: Inflammation
Example: Encephalitis – inflammation of the brain.
-lepsy
Meaning: Seizure
Example: Epilepsy – a condition characterized by recurrent seizures.
-logist
Meaning: Specialist in a field of study
Example: Psychologist – a specialist in the study of the mind and behavior.
-malacia
Meaning: Abnormal softening
Example: Encephalomalacia – softening of the brain tissue.
-mania
Meaning: Madness or excessive preoccupation
Example: Pyromania – excessive preoccupation with fire (can involve neurological or psychiatric evaluation).
-oid
Meaning: Resembling or like
Example: Myeloid – resembling or related to the spinal cord or bone marrow.
-oma
Meaning: Tumor, swelling
Example: Glioma – a tumor of glial cells.
-pathy
Meaning: Disease
Example: Radiculopathy – a disease or disorder affecting a nerve root.
-phobia
Meaning: Fear
Example: Agoraphobia – fear of open or public spaces, related to mental health.
-rrhaphy
Meaning: Suturing or stitching
Example: Myelorraphy – suturing of the spinal cord.
-tomy
Meaning: Cutting or surgical incision
Example: Neurotomy – surgical incision into a nerve.
-tropic
Meaning: Having an affinity for, influencing
Example: Psychotropic – substances that affect mental activity, behavior, or perception. |
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Term
Nervous System Word Roots and Combining Forms
Word roots and combining forms represent the core meaning of a term, typically denoting an organ or structure.
alges/o
Meaning: Sensitivity to pain
Example: Analgesic – a medication that reduces or eliminates pain.
cephal/o
Meaning: Head
Example: Cephalalgia – a headache.
cerebr/o
Meaning: Brain, cerebrum
Example: Cerebrospinal – relating to the brain and spinal cord.
cerebell/o
Meaning: Cerebellum (part of the brain)
Example: Cerebellitis – inflammation of the cerebellum.
concuss/o
Meaning: To shake violently
Example: Concussion – a violent shaking of the brain, often due to injury.
crani/o
Meaning: Skull
Example: Craniotomy – a surgical incision into the skull.
dur/o
Meaning: Dura mater (outermost layer of the meninges)
Example: Subdural – located beneath the dura mater.
encephal/o
Meaning: Brain
Example: Encephalopathy – a disease of the brain.
esthesi/o
Meaning: Sensation, feeling
Example: Anesthesia – loss of sensation, typically induced for medical procedures.
gangli/o, ganglion/o
Meaning: Ganglion (a cluster of nerve cell bodies)
Example: Ganglioneuroma – a tumor of a nerve ganglion.
hydr/o
Meaning: Water, fluid
Example: Hydrocephalus – an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the brain.
lob/o
Meaning: Lobe
Example: Lobectomy – surgical removal of a lobe of the brain.
ment/o
Meaning: Mind, chin
Example: Dementia – a decline in mental abilities, typically due to disease or injury.
mening/o, meningi/o
Meaning: Meninges (membranes covering the brain and spinal cord)
Example: Meningitis – inflammation of the meninges.
mon/o
Meaning: One, single
Example: Monoplegia – paralysis of one limb.
myel/o
Meaning: Spinal cord, bone marrow
Example: Myelitis – inflammation of the spinal cord.
neur/o, neur/i
Meaning: Nerve
Example: Neurology – the study of the nervous system.
phas/o
Meaning: Speech
Example: Paraphasia – a condition in which a person substitutes incorrect words, sounds, or non-words in their speech.
poli/o
Meaning: Gray matter (of the brain or spinal cord)
Example: Poliomyelitis – an infectious disease affecting the gray matter of the spinal cord.
pont/o
Meaning: Pons (a part of the brainstem)
Example: Pontocerebellar – relating to the pons and cerebellum.
psych/o
Meaning: Mind
Example: Psychiatry – the study and treatment of mental illness.
radic/o, radicul/o, rhiz/o
Meaning: Nerve root
Example: Radiculodynia – pain caused by irritation or injury to the nerve roots.
vag/o
Meaning: Vagus nerve (a cranial nerve)
Example: Vagotomy – surgical cutting of the vagus nerve. |
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Definition
Common Abbreviations Used in Medical Terminology for the Nervous System
AD (Alzheimer's Disease)
Definition: Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurological disorder that leads to memory loss, cognitive decline, and behavioral changes. It primarily affects older adults and is the most common cause of dementia.
ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis)
Definition: ALS, also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, leading to muscle weakness, paralysis, and eventually respiratory failure.
ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder)
Definition: ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness that interfere with daily functioning or development.
CP (Cerebral Palsy)
Definition: Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders that affect movement, muscle tone, or posture, caused by damage to the developing brain, typically before or at birth.
CSF (Cerebrospinal Fluid)
Definition: Cerebrospinal fluid is the clear fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord, providing cushioning and acting as a medium for nutrient and waste exchange.
EEG (Electroencephalogram)
Definition: An EEG is a diagnostic test that records electrical activity in the brain using electrodes placed on the scalp, often used to detect seizures, brain disorders, or sleep disturbances.
ICP (Intracranial Pressure)
Definition: Intracranial pressure refers to the pressure inside the skull and brain. Elevated ICP can result from head injury, brain swelling, or other neurological conditions and can lead to serious complications if not managed.
LOC (Level of Consciousness)
Definition: Level of consciousness refers to a person's state of awareness, ranging from full alertness to deep coma. It is often used to assess a patient's neurological function after injury or illness.
LP (Lumbar Puncture)
Definition: A lumbar puncture, or spinal tap, is a medical procedure in which a needle is inserted into the lower back to collect cerebrospinal fluid for diagnostic testing, often used to diagnose conditions like meningitis or multiple sclerosis.
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
Definition: Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system, leading to damage to the myelin sheath that protects nerve fibers, causing symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and difficulty with coordination.
OCD (Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder)
Definition: OCD is a mental health disorder characterized by recurring, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions) that a person feels driven to perform to reduce anxiety.
PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder)
Definition: PTSD is a mental health condition triggered by experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. It is characterized by flashbacks, severe anxiety, and uncontrollable thoughts about the event.
Sz (Seizure)
Definition: A seizure is a sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain that can cause changes in behavior, movements, feelings, or consciousness. Seizures can vary in severity and are often associated with epilepsy.
TIA (Transient Ischemic Attack)
Definition: A TIA, or mini-stroke, occurs when there is a temporary blockage of blood flow to the brain, causing stroke-like symptoms that resolve within a few minutes to hours without permanent damage. |
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Definition
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Term
Lymphatic System Suffixes
Suffixes
-ac
Meaning: Pertaining to
Example: Hypochondriac –Pertaining to the upper abdomen beneath the ribs. The hypochondriac regions are located near lymph nodes that assist in draining parts of the abdominal cavity.
-al
Meaning: Pertaining to
Example: Inguinal –pertaining to the groin, where many lymph nodes are located.
-ary
Meaning: Pertaining to
Example: Axillary –pertaining to the armpit.
-apheresis
Meaning: Removal
Example: Plasmapheresis –removal of plasma from the blood, often used to treat autoimmune disorders affecting the lymphatic system.
-cide
Meaning: Killing
Example: Bactericide –a substance that kills bacteria, sometimes used to prevent infections in lymphatic tissues.
-edema
Meaning: Swelling
Example: Lymphedema –swelling that generally occurs in one of the arms or legs due to a blockage in the lymphatic system.
-genesis
Meaning: Creation, formation
Example: Lymphangiogenesis –the formation of new lymphatic vessels, a process that plays a vital role in tissue repair, immune responses, and conditions such as cancer, by providing additional pathways for fluid and cell transport.
-ic
Meaning: Pertaining to
Example: Cytotoxic –pertaining to the destruction of cells, often used in cancer treatments affecting lymphatic cells.
-logist
Meaning: Specialist in the study of
Example: Oncologist –a doctor who specializes in the study and treatment of cancer, including cancers affecting the lymphatic system.
-logy
Meaning: Study of
Example: Immunology –the study of the immune system, including diseases that affect the lymphatic system, such as lymphoma, lymphedema, and autoimmune conditions
-lytic
Meaning: Destruction
Example: Hemolytic –pertaining to the destruction of red blood cells, which can affect immune and lymphatic function.
-opsy
Meaning: View of
Example: Biopsy –the removal of tissue for examination, often used to diagnose lymphatic cancers.
-plasm
Meaning: Formation, growth
Example: Cytoplasm –the gel-like material within cells, including lymphatic cells, where cellular processes occur.
-poiesis
Meaning: Formation or production
Example: Hematopoiesis –the formation of blood cells, which are essential to immune and lymphatic function.
-static
Meaning: Inhibiting
Example: Bacteriostatic –an agent that inhibits bacterial growth, helping prevent infections in the lymphatic system.
-therapy
Meaning: Treatment
Example: Radiotherapy –treatment using radiation, often used for cancers that affect the lymphatic system. |
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Definition
Lymphatic System Word Roots/Combining Forms
Word Roots/Combining Forms
aden/o
Meaning: Gland
Example: Adenopathy –disease of the glands, especially the lymph nodes.
adenoid/o
Meaning: Adenoids
Example: Adenoidectomy –surgical removal of the adenoids, which are part of the lymphatic system.
carcin/o
Meaning: Cancer
Example: Carcinoma –a type of cancer that begins in epithelial tissues and can spread to the lymphatic system.
cerv/o, cervic/o
Meaning: Neck
Example: cervicodynia –pain in the neck, which can be associated with swollen lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy) or infections in the lymphatic system.
cyt/o
Meaning: Cell
Example: Cytology –the study of cells, often used to diagnose diseases affecting lymphatic cells.
fung/o
Meaning: Fungus
Example: Fungicide –an agent that kills fungi, often used to prevent fungal infections in the lymphatic system.
immun/o
Meaning: immune, immunity
Example: Immunogenic –something that can provoke an immune response, such as an antigen or vaccine component.
lymph/o
Meaning: Lymph
Example: Lymphoma –a type of cancer that begins in lymphatic tissues.
lymphaden/o
Meaning: Lymph node
Example: Lymphadenopathy –disease of the lymph nodes, often seen in infections or cancers.
lymphangi/o
Meaning: Lymph vessel
Example: Lymphangiography –imaging of the lymphatic vessels.
lymphocyt/o
Meaning: Lymphocyte
Example: Lymphocytopenia –a deficiency of lymphocytes, which are vital to immune function.
mamm/o, Mast/o
Meaning: Breast
Example: Mammogram –an image of the breast, used to screen for breast cancer, which can spread to lymph nodes; Mastectomy – surgical removal of the breast.
onc/o
Meaning: Tumor
Example: Oncology –the study of cancer, including cancers of the lymphatic system.
phag/o
Meaning: Eat, swallow
Example: Phagocyte –cell that engulfs and digests foreign substances, including bacteria, dead cells, and debris, which is crucial to the immune response.
plast/o
Meaning: Formation, development
Example: Neoplastic –pertaining to the growth of a tumor, often in lymphatic tissues.
splen/o
Meaning: Spleen
Example: Splenectomy –surgical removal of the spleen.
thym/o
Meaning: Thymus gland
Example: Thymoma –a tumor originating from the thymus gland, part of the lymphatic system.
tonsill/o
Meaning: Tonsil
Example: Tonsillectomy –surgical removal of the tonsils.
vir/o
Meaning: Virus
Example: Viremia –the presence of viruses in the blood, often affecting the lymphatic and immune systems. |
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Term
Common Abbreviations Used in Medical Terminology for the Lymphatic System
Abbreviations
Ab (Antibody)
Definition: An antibody is a protein produced by the immune system in response to foreign substances (antigens) like bacteria, viruses, or toxins. Antibodies help neutralize these invaders.
Ag (Antigen)
Definition: An antigen is any substance that triggers an immune response in the body, such as bacteria, viruses, or other foreign particles. Antigens stimulate the production of antibodies.
CA, Ca (Cancer)
Definition: Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. It can develop in any organ or tissue.
CIS (Carcinoma In Situ)
Definition: Carcinoma in situ is a term used to describe cancer cells that are in the place where they first formed and have not spread to surrounding tissues. It is an early-stage cancer.
DCIS (Ductal Carcinoma In Situ)
Definition: DCIS is a non-invasive type of breast cancer where abnormal cells are found in the lining of a breast duct but have not spread beyond the duct. It is an early form of breast cancer.
ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay)
Definition: ELISA is a laboratory test used to detect antibodies in the blood, commonly used to diagnose infections, such as HIV, or monitor immune responses.
HL (Hodgkin Lymphoma)
Definition: Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of cancer that begins in the lymphatic system and is characterized by the presence of abnormal cells called Reed-Sternberg cells. It affects the immune system's ability to fight infection.
HZ (Herpes Zoster)
Definition: Herpes zoster, also known as shingles, is a viral infection caused by the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus, which causes chickenpox. It results in a painful rash.
IgA (Immunoglobulin A)
Definition: IgA is an antibody that plays a crucial role in mucosal immunity, providing protection to body surfaces such as the respiratory and digestive tracts.
IgD (Immunoglobulin D)
Definition: IgD is a type of antibody that is present in small amounts in the blood and is involved in the activation of immune responses, particularly in the development of B cells.
IgE (Immunoglobulin E)
Definition: IgE is an antibody that is involved in allergic reactions and protects against parasitic infections. Elevated IgE levels are often seen in individuals with allergies.
IgG (Immunoglobulin G)
Definition: IgG is the most common type of antibody in the blood and body fluids, providing long-term protection against bacteria and viruses. It plays a critical role in the immune response.
IgM (Immunoglobulin M)
Definition: IgM is the first antibody produced in response to an infection. It provides early defense while the body prepares to produce more specific antibodies like IgG.
IG (Immunoglobulin)
Definition: Immunoglobulin is a type of antibody produced by the immune system to help fight infections. There are different types of immunoglobulins, each playing a unique role in the immune response.
LE (Lupus Erythematosus)
Definition: Lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks healthy tissue, causing inflammation, pain, and damage to various parts of the body, including skin, joints, and organs.
MET (Metastasis)
Definition: Metastasis refers to the spread of cancer cells from the original (primary) site to other parts of the body. This process makes cancer more difficult to treat and more dangerous.
Met (Metastatic)
Definition: Metastatic refers to cancer that has spread from the primary site to other parts of the body, typically through the bloodstream or lymphatic system.
MMR (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella)
Definition: MMR is a vaccine that protects against three viral infections: measles, mumps, and rubella. These diseases can cause serious health complications, but vaccination can prevent them.
NHL (Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma)
Definition: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a group of cancers that originate in the lymphatic system. Unlike Hodgkin lymphoma, NHL does not involve Reed-Sternberg cells and includes various subtypes.
VSZ (Varicella Zoster Virus)
Definition: Varicella zoster virus is the virus responsible for causing chickenpox and shingles. After initial infection, it remains dormant in the body and can reactivate as shingles later in life. |
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Definition
Prefixes
A, An-
Meaning: Without, not
Example: Anoxia –the absence of oxygen in tissues.
Brady-
Meaning: Slow
Example: Bradypnea –abnormally slow breathing.
Cyano
Meaning: Blue
Example: Cyanoderma –a bluish discoloration of the skin due to lack of oxygen, also referred to as cyanosis.
Dys-
Meaning: Difficult, painful, abnormal
Example: Dysphonia –a condition involving difficulty speaking or having an abnormal voice, often caused by issues in the larynx or vocal cords.
Endo-
Meaning: Within, inside
Example: Endotracheal intubation –the insertion of a tube through the mouth into the trachea to maintain an open airway.
Eu-
Meaning: Good, normal
Example: Eucapnia –a normal level of carbon dioxide in the blood, essential for maintaining pH balance and respiratory health.
Hyper-
Meaning: Excessive, above
Example: hyperresonance –an increased echo heard during percussion of the chest, often indicating air trapping in conditions like pneumothorax or emphysema.
Hypo-
Meaning: Below, deficient
Example: Hypoxemia –low levels of oxygen in the blood, which can impair the delivery of oxygen to tissues and organs. It is often caused by respiratory disorders such as asthma, pneumonia, COPD, or pulmonary embolism.
Para-
Meaning: Beside, near
Example: Paranasal –beside the nose.
Poly-
Meaning: Many, excessive
Example: Polysomnography –a test to study multiple aspects of sleep, often used to diagnosis sleep disorders.
Tachy-
Meaning: Fast
Example: Tachypnea –rapid breathing. |
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Respiratory System Word Parts
Suffixes
-ation
Meaning: Process, condition
Example: Expectoration –the process of coughing up material from the lungs.
-centesis
Meaning: Surgical puncture to remove fluid
Example: Thoracentesis –removal of fluid from the pleural space.
-dynia
Meaning: Pain
Example: Pleurodynia –pain in the pleura (lining of the lungs).
-ectasis
Meaning: Dilation, expansion
Example: Bronchiectasis –dilation of the bronchi.
-ema
Meaning: Condition
Example: Empyema –a collection of pus within a cavity in the body, particularly the pleural space of the lungs.
-ia
Meaning: Condition
Example: Hypoxia –a condition of low oxygen levels.
-ive
Meaning: Having the ability to, pertaining to
Example: Antitussive –a medication used to suppress coughing.
-meter
Meaning: Measuring device
Example: Pulse oximeter –a device used to measure oxygen saturation levels in the blood.
-oma
Meaning: Tumor, mass
Example: Granuloma –a mass of immune cells in the lungs.
-pnea
Meaning: Breathing
Example: Orthopnea –difficulty breathing that improves when sitting or standing upright. It is often associated with heart failure or lung conditions where lying flat can cause shortness of breath.
-ptysis
Meaning: Spitting
Example: Hemoptysis –spitting up blood from the respiratory tract.
-rrhea
Meaning: Discharge, flow
Example: Rhinorrhea –discharge from the nose.
-scopy
Meaning: Visual examination
Example: Bronchoscopy –visual examination of the bronchi.
-scope
Meaning: Instrument for viewing
Example: Bronchoscope –an instrument used to view the bronchi.
-spasm
Meaning: Involuntary contraction
Example: Bronchospasm –involuntary contraction of the bronchi, often seen in asthma.
-staxis
Meaning: Dripping, bleeding
Example: Epistaxis –the medical term for a nosebleed.
-stomy
Meaning: Creation of an opening
Example: Tracheostomy –the surgical creation of an opening in the trachea.
-tomy
Meaning: Cutting, incision
Example: Laryngotomy –a surgical incision into the larynx (voice-box). |
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Definition
Respiratory System Word Roots/Combining Forms
Word Roots/Combining Forms
Alveol/o
Meaning: Alveolus, air sac
Example: Alveolitis – Inflammation of the alveoli, which are tiny air sacs in the lungs responsible for gas exchange. This condition can result from infections, autoimmune diseases, or inhalation of harmful substances, leading to difficulty breathing and reduced oxygen absorption.
Bronch/o, bronchi/o
Meaning: Bronchus
Example: Bronchostenosis – a narrowing of the bronchial passages, which can develop due to scarring, inflammation, tumors, or chronic infections. The reduced airway size can make breathing difficult and may cause wheezing or recurring respiratory problems.
Capn/o
Meaning: Carbon dioxide
Example: Hypercapnia – A condition marked by excessive carbon dioxide in the bloodstream, often caused by hypoventilation or lung diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Symptoms include confusion, shortness of breath, and headaches, requiring ventilation support in severe cases.
Cyst/o
Meaning: Bladder, sac
Example: Cystic fibrosis – A genetic disorder that leads to thick, sticky mucus buildup in the lungs and digestive system. It causes difficulty breathing, chronic lung infections, and malnutrition due to pancreatic enzyme deficiencies. Treatment involves mucus-thinning drugs and airway clearance techniques.
Diaphragmat/o
Meaning: Diaphragm
Example: Diaphragmatocele – A hernia in the diaphragm, where abdominal organs push into the chest cavity. This condition may lead to breathing difficulties, chest pain, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Surgical repair is often necessary to correct the defect.
Epiglott/o
Meaning: Epiglottis
Example: Epiglottitis – Severe inflammation of the epiglottis, which is the flap covering the windpipe during swallowing. Often caused by bacterial infections, it can obstruct airflow and lead to a life-threatening emergency. Immediate medical attention is required, often involving antibiotics and airway management.
Fibr/o
Meaning: Fiber
Example: Pulmonary fibrosis – A condition characterized by scarring and thickening of lung tissue, which reduces oxygen transfer. Causes may include long-term exposure to toxins, radiation therapy, or autoimmune diseases. Symptoms include chronic dry cough, shortness of breath, and fatigue, often treated with medications or lung transplants.
Hem/o
Meaning: Blood
Example: Hemothoractomy– A surgical procedure involving an incision into the thorax, or chest cavity, to drain blood that has accumulated in the pleural space.
Laryng/o
Meaning: Larynx (voice box)
Example: Laryngomalacia – A condition where the soft tissues of the larynx are abnormally flexible, causing them to collapse inward during breathing. This can result in noisy breathing (stridor), especially in infants.
Lob/o
Meaning: Lobe
Example: Lobectomy – Surgical removal of a lobe of the lung, often performed to treat lung cancer, tuberculosis, or severe infections. Recovery may involve pulmonary rehabilitation and breathing exercises to improve lung function.
Muc/o
Meaning: Mucus
Example: Mucolytic – A medication that helps break down and thin mucus, making it easier to clear from the airways. Mucolytics are commonly used in treating chronic respiratory conditions like cystic fibrosis and COPD.
Nas/o
Meaning: Nose
Example: Nasopharyngitis – Inflammation of the nasal passages and pharynx, commonly referred to as the common cold. Symptoms include nasal congestion, sore throat, and sneezing. Treatments focus on symptom relief with decongestants and hydration.
Ox/i, Ox/o, Ox/y
Meaning: Oxygen
Example: Hypoxia – A condition characterized by low oxygen levels in body tissues, which can result from respiratory failure, high altitudes, or anemia. Symptoms include shortness of breath, confusion, and cyanosis. Treatment may involve supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation. |
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Term
Respiratory System Word Roots/Combining Forms (continued)
Word Roots/Combining Forms
Pharyng/o
Meaning: Pharynx (throat)
Example: Pharyngitis –Inflammation of the throat, usually caused by viral or bacterial infections. Symptoms include sore throat, fever, and difficulty swallowing. Treatments depend on the cause and may include antibiotics or throat lozenges.
Phon/o
Meaning: Voice
Example: Aphonia –Loss of voice due to laryngeal damage, vocal cord paralysis, or psychological factors. Treatment may involve speech therapy, rest, or surgery in severe cases.
Phren/o
Meaning: Diaphragm
Example: Phrenospasm –an involuntary spasm or contraction of the diaphragm, which is the muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity and plays a key role in breathing.
Pleur/o
Meaning: Pleura (membrane surrounding the lungs)
Example: Pleurisy –Inflammation of the pleura, often caused by infections, injuries, or autoimmune diseases. It causes sharp chest pain when breathing. Treatment targets the underlying cause and may include anti-inflammatory drugs.
Pneum/o, Pneumon/o
Meaning: Lung, air
Example: Pneumonia –An infection causing inflammation in the air sacs of the lungs, leading to fluid buildup, fever, cough, and chest pain. Treatment depends on the cause and may include antibiotics, antivirals, or oxygen therapy.
Pulm/o, Pulmon/o
Meaning: Lung
Example: Pulmonologist –A physician specializing in diseases of the respiratory system, such as asthma, COPD, and lung cancer. They perform diagnostic tests and create treatment plans to manage lung conditions.
Radi/o
Meaning: X-rays, radiation
Example: Radiology –The medical field focused on imaging techniques, such as X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs, to diagnose and treat conditions. Radiologists interpret these images to identify abnormalities like tumors, fractures, or infections.
Respir/o
Meaning: Breathing
Example: Cheyne-Stokes respiration –An abnormal breathing pattern seen in patients with heart failure or neurological disorders, characterized by alternating periods of rapid and shallow breathing followed by apnea.
Rhin/o
Meaning: Nose
Example: Rhinoplasty –A condition involving excessive mucus discharge from the nose, often caused by allergies, infections, or irritants.
Sept/o
Meaning: Septum
Example: Septoplasty –Surgical procedure to correct a deviated nasal septum, improving airflow and relieving nasal congestion.
Sinus/o
Meaning: Sinus
Example: Sinusitis –Inflammation or infection of the sinuses, leading to congestion, facial pain, and pressure.
Somn/o
Meaning: Sleep
Example: Hypersomnia –A condition marked by excessive daytime sleepiness or prolonged nighttime sleep that may occur even after receiving sufficient rest.
Tom/o
Meaning: To cut, section
Example: Tomography –Imaging technique that captures cross-sectional views of the body, such as CT scans, to visualize internal structures. |
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Definition
Common Abbreviations Used in Medical Terminology for the Respiratory System
Abbreviations
ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome)
Definition: ARDS is a severe lung condition that occurs when fluid builds up in the alveoli, leading to low oxygen levels in the bloodstream. It often results from trauma, infection, or other serious conditions.
BiPAP (Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure)
Definition: BiPAP is a non-invasive ventilator therapy used to help maintain airflow into the lungs by delivering different levels of air pressure during inhalation and exhalation. It is often used to treat sleep apnea and respiratory failure.
BVM (Bag-Valve Mask)
Definition: A BVM is a handheld device used to provide positive pressure ventilation to patients who are not breathing or are breathing inadequately. It is commonly used in emergency situations.
CF (Cystic Fibrosis)
Definition: Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that affects the lungs and digestive system, causing thick, sticky mucus to build up, leading to respiratory and digestive problems.
COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
Definition: COPD is a chronic lung disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs, making it difficult to breathe. It includes conditions such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure)
Definition: CPAP is a treatment that uses mild air pressure to keep the airways open, commonly used in patients with obstructive sleep apnea to prevent airway collapse during sleep.
CXR (Chest X-Ray)
Definition: A CXR is a diagnostic imaging test that uses X-rays to create pictures of the chest, including the lungs, heart, and bones. It is often used to diagnose conditions like pneumonia or tuberculosis.
FESS (Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery)
Definition: FESS is a minimally invasive surgical procedure used to restore normal drainage and function to the sinuses by removing blockages, typically used to treat chronic sinusitis.
HBOT (Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy)
Definition: HBOT is a treatment that involves breathing pure oxygen in a pressurized room or chamber. It is used to treat conditions such as decompression sickness, serious infections, and wounds that won’t heal.
MDI (Metered-Dose Inhaler)
Definition: An MDI is a device that delivers a specific amount of medication to the lungs in the form of a mist, commonly used to treat conditions like asthma and COPD.
OSA (Obstructive Sleep Apnea)
Definition: OSA is a condition in which the muscles in the throat relax excessively during sleep, causing repeated blockages of the airway and interruptions in breathing.
PNA (Pneumonia)
Definition: Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs, which may fill with fluid or pus, causing symptoms like cough, fever, and difficulty breathing.
PFT (Pulmonary Function Test)
Definition: A PFT is a group of tests that measure how well the lungs are working, including how much air they can hold, how quickly air can be exhaled, and how well the lungs deliver oxygen to the blood.
SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome)
Definition: SIDS is the unexplained death of a healthy infant, typically during sleep. It is sometimes referred to as "crib death" and often occurs in infants under 1 year old.
TB (Tuberculosis)
Definition: TB is a potentially serious bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs but can spread to other parts of the body. It is highly contagious and spread through airborne droplets.
URI (Upper Respiratory Infection)
Definition: A URI is an infection that affects the upper respiratory tract, including the nose, throat, and sinuses. It is commonly known as the common cold and often caused by viruses.
VATS (Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery)
Definition: VATS is a minimally invasive surgical procedure used to examine and treat conditions in the chest. A small camera (thoracoscope) and surgical instruments are inserted through small incisions to access the lungs or other thoracic organs. |
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Term
Lymphatic System Suffixes
Suffixes
-ac
Meaning: Pertaining to
Example: Hypochondriac –Pertaining to the upper abdomen beneath the ribs. The hypochondriac regions are located near lymph nodes that assist in draining parts of the abdominal cavity.
-al
Meaning: Pertaining to
Example: Inguinal –pertaining to the groin, where many lymph nodes are located.
-ary
Meaning: Pertaining to
Example: Axillary –pertaining to the armpit.
-apheresis
Meaning: Removal
Example: Plasmapheresis –removal of plasma from the blood, often used to treat autoimmune disorders affecting the lymphatic system.
-cide
Meaning: Killing
Example: Bactericide –a substance that kills bacteria, sometimes used to prevent infections in lymphatic tissues.
-edema
Meaning: Swelling
Example: Lymphedema –swelling that generally occurs in one of the arms or legs due to a blockage in the lymphatic system.
-genesis
Meaning: Creation, formation
Example: Lymphangiogenesis –the formation of new lymphatic vessels, a process that plays a vital role in tissue repair, immune responses, and conditions such as cancer, by providing additional pathways for fluid and cell transport.
-ic
Meaning: Pertaining to
Example: Cytotoxic –pertaining to the destruction of cells, often used in cancer treatments affecting lymphatic cells.
-logist
Meaning: Specialist in the study of
Example: Oncologist –a doctor who specializes in the study and treatment of cancer, including cancers affecting the lymphatic system.
-logy
Meaning: Study of
Example: Immunology –the study of the immune system, including diseases that affect the lymphatic system, such as lymphoma, lymphedema, and autoimmune conditions
-lytic
Meaning: Destruction
Example: Hemolytic –pertaining to the destruction of red blood cells, which can affect immune and lymphatic function.
-opsy
Meaning: View of
Example: Biopsy –the removal of tissue for examination, often used to diagnose lymphatic cancers.
-plasm
Meaning: Formation, growth
Example: Cytoplasm –the gel-like material within cells, including lymphatic cells, where cellular processes occur.
-poiesis
Meaning: Formation or production
Example: Hematopoiesis –the formation of blood cells, which are essential to immune and lymphatic function.
-static
Meaning: Inhibiting
Example: Bacteriostatic –an agent that inhibits bacterial growth, helping prevent infections in the lymphatic system.
-therapy
Meaning: Treatment
Example: Radiotherapy –treatment using radiation, often used for cancers that affect the lymphatic system. |
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Definition
Lymphatic System Word Roots/Combining Forms
Word Roots/Combining Forms
aden/o
Meaning: Gland
Example: Adenopathy –disease of the glands, especially the lymph nodes.
adenoid/o
Meaning: Adenoids
Example: Adenoidectomy –surgical removal of the adenoids, which are part of the lymphatic system.
carcin/o
Meaning: Cancer
Example: Carcinoma –a type of cancer that begins in epithelial tissues and can spread to the lymphatic system.
cerv/o, cervic/o
Meaning: Neck
Example: cervicodynia –pain in the neck, which can be associated with swollen lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy) or infections in the lymphatic system.
cyt/o
Meaning: Cell
Example: Cytology –the study of cells, often used to diagnose diseases affecting lymphatic cells.
fung/o
Meaning: Fungus
Example: Fungicide –an agent that kills fungi, often used to prevent fungal infections in the lymphatic system.
immun/o
Meaning: immune, immunity
Example: Immunogenic –something that can provoke an immune response, such as an antigen or vaccine component.
lymph/o
Meaning: Lymph
Example: Lymphoma –a type of cancer that begins in lymphatic tissues.
lymphaden/o
Meaning: Lymph node
Example: Lymphadenopathy –disease of the lymph nodes, often seen in infections or cancers.
lymphangi/o
Meaning: Lymph vessel
Example: Lymphangiography –imaging of the lymphatic vessels.
lymphocyt/o
Meaning: Lymphocyte
Example: Lymphocytopenia –a deficiency of lymphocytes, which are vital to immune function.
mamm/o, Mast/o
Meaning: Breast
Example: Mammogram –an image of the breast, used to screen for breast cancer, which can spread to lymph nodes; Mastectomy – surgical removal of the breast.
onc/o
Meaning: Tumor
Example: Oncology –the study of cancer, including cancers of the lymphatic system.
phag/o
Meaning: Eat, swallow
Example: Phagocyte –cell that engulfs and digests foreign substances, including bacteria, dead cells, and debris, which is crucial to the immune response.
plast/o
Meaning: Formation, development
Example: Neoplastic –pertaining to the growth of a tumor, often in lymphatic tissues.
splen/o
Meaning: Spleen
Example: Splenectomy –surgical removal of the spleen.
thym/o
Meaning: Thymus gland
Example: Thymoma –a tumor originating from the thymus gland, part of the lymphatic system.
tonsill/o
Meaning: Tonsil
Example: Tonsillectomy –surgical removal of the tonsils.
vir/o
Meaning: Virus
Example: Viremia –the presence of viruses in the blood, often affecting the lymphatic and immune systems. |
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Term
Common Abbreviations Used in Medical Terminology for the Lymphatic System
Abbreviations
Ab (Antibody)
Definition: An antibody is a protein produced by the immune system in response to foreign substances (antigens) like bacteria, viruses, or toxins. Antibodies help neutralize these invaders.
Ag (Antigen)
Definition: An antigen is any substance that triggers an immune response in the body, such as bacteria, viruses, or other foreign particles. Antigens stimulate the production of antibodies.
CA, Ca (Cancer)
Definition: Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. It can develop in any organ or tissue.
CIS (Carcinoma In Situ)
Definition: Carcinoma in situ is a term used to describe cancer cells that are in the place where they first formed and have not spread to surrounding tissues. It is an early-stage cancer.
DCIS (Ductal Carcinoma In Situ)
Definition: DCIS is a non-invasive type of breast cancer where abnormal cells are found in the lining of a breast duct but have not spread beyond the duct. It is an early form of breast cancer.
ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay)
Definition: ELISA is a laboratory test used to detect antibodies in the blood, commonly used to diagnose infections, such as HIV, or monitor immune responses.
HL (Hodgkin Lymphoma)
Definition: Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of cancer that begins in the lymphatic system and is characterized by the presence of abnormal cells called Reed-Sternberg cells. It affects the immune system's ability to fight infection.
HZ (Herpes Zoster)
Definition: Herpes zoster, also known as shingles, is a viral infection caused by the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus, which causes chickenpox. It results in a painful rash.
IgA (Immunoglobulin A)
Definition: IgA is an antibody that plays a crucial role in mucosal immunity, providing protection to body surfaces such as the respiratory and digestive tracts.
IgD (Immunoglobulin D)
Definition: IgD is a type of antibody that is present in small amounts in the blood and is involved in the activation of immune responses, particularly in the development of B cells.
IgE (Immunoglobulin E)
Definition: IgE is an antibody that is involved in allergic reactions and protects against parasitic infections. Elevated IgE levels are often seen in individuals with allergies.
IgG (Immunoglobulin G)
Definition: IgG is the most common type of antibody in the blood and body fluids, providing long-term protection against bacteria and viruses. It plays a critical role in the immune response.
IgM (Immunoglobulin M)
Definition: IgM is the first antibody produced in response to an infection. It provides early defense while the body prepares to produce more specific antibodies like IgG.
IG (Immunoglobulin)
Definition: Immunoglobulin is a type of antibody produced by the immune system to help fight infections. There are different types of immunoglobulins, each playing a unique role in the immune response.
LE (Lupus Erythematosus)
Definition: Lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks healthy tissue, causing inflammation, pain, and damage to various parts of the body, including skin, joints, and organs.
MET (Metastasis)
Definition: Metastasis refers to the spread of cancer cells from the original (primary) site to other parts of the body. This process makes cancer more difficult to treat and more dangerous.
Met (Metastatic)
Definition: Metastatic refers to cancer that has spread from the primary site to other parts of the body, typically through the bloodstream or lymphatic system.
MMR (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella)
Definition: MMR is a vaccine that protects against three viral infections: measles, mumps, and rubella. These diseases can cause serious health complications, but vaccination can prevent them.
NHL (Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma)
Definition: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a group of cancers that originate in the lymphatic system. Unlike Hodgkin lymphoma, NHL does not involve Reed-Sternberg cells and includes various subtypes.
VSZ (Varicella Zoster Virus)
Definition: Varicella zoster virus is the virus responsible for causing chickenpox and shingles. After initial infection, it remains dormant in the body and can reactivate as shingles later in life. |
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Definition
Prefixes
A, An-
Meaning: Without, not
Example: Anoxia –the absence of oxygen in tissues.
Brady-
Meaning: Slow
Example: Bradypnea –abnormally slow breathing.
Cyano
Meaning: Blue
Example: Cyanoderma –a bluish discoloration of the skin due to lack of oxygen, also referred to as cyanosis.
Dys-
Meaning: Difficult, painful, abnormal
Example: Dysphonia –a condition involving difficulty speaking or having an abnormal voice, often caused by issues in the larynx or vocal cords.
Endo-
Meaning: Within, inside
Example: Endotracheal intubation –the insertion of a tube through the mouth into the trachea to maintain an open airway.
Eu-
Meaning: Good, normal
Example: Eucapnia –a normal level of carbon dioxide in the blood, essential for maintaining pH balance and respiratory health.
Hyper-
Meaning: Excessive, above
Example: hyperresonance –an increased echo heard during percussion of the chest, often indicating air trapping in conditions like pneumothorax or emphysema.
Hypo-
Meaning: Below, deficient
Example: Hypoxemia –low levels of oxygen in the blood, which can impair the delivery of oxygen to tissues and organs. It is often caused by respiratory disorders such as asthma, pneumonia, COPD, or pulmonary embolism.
Para-
Meaning: Beside, near
Example: Paranasal –beside the nose.
Poly-
Meaning: Many, excessive
Example: Polysomnography –a test to study multiple aspects of sleep, often used to diagnosis sleep disorders.
Tachy-
Meaning: Fast
Example: Tachypnea –rapid breathing. |
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Term
Respiratory System Word Parts
Suffixes
-ation
Meaning: Process, condition
Example: Expectoration –the process of coughing up material from the lungs.
-centesis
Meaning: Surgical puncture to remove fluid
Example: Thoracentesis –removal of fluid from the pleural space.
-dynia
Meaning: Pain
Example: Pleurodynia –pain in the pleura (lining of the lungs).
-ectasis
Meaning: Dilation, expansion
Example: Bronchiectasis –dilation of the bronchi.
-ema
Meaning: Condition
Example: Empyema –a collection of pus within a cavity in the body, particularly the pleural space of the lungs.
-ia
Meaning: Condition
Example: Hypoxia –a condition of low oxygen levels.
-ive
Meaning: Having the ability to, pertaining to
Example: Antitussive –a medication used to suppress coughing.
-meter
Meaning: Measuring device
Example: Pulse oximeter –a device used to measure oxygen saturation levels in the blood.
-oma
Meaning: Tumor, mass
Example: Granuloma –a mass of immune cells in the lungs.
-pnea
Meaning: Breathing
Example: Orthopnea –difficulty breathing that improves when sitting or standing upright. It is often associated with heart failure or lung conditions where lying flat can cause shortness of breath.
-ptysis
Meaning: Spitting
Example: Hemoptysis –spitting up blood from the respiratory tract.
-rrhea
Meaning: Discharge, flow
Example: Rhinorrhea –discharge from the nose.
-scopy
Meaning: Visual examination
Example: Bronchoscopy –visual examination of the bronchi.
-scope
Meaning: Instrument for viewing
Example: Bronchoscope –an instrument used to view the bronchi.
-spasm
Meaning: Involuntary contraction
Example: Bronchospasm –involuntary contraction of the bronchi, often seen in asthma.
-staxis
Meaning: Dripping, bleeding
Example: Epistaxis –the medical term for a nosebleed.
-stomy
Meaning: Creation of an opening
Example: Tracheostomy –the surgical creation of an opening in the trachea.
-tomy
Meaning: Cutting, incision
Example: Laryngotomy –a surgical incision into the larynx (voice-box). |
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Definition
Respiratory System Word Roots/Combining Forms
Word Roots/Combining Forms
Alveol/o
Meaning: Alveolus, air sac
Example: Alveolitis – Inflammation of the alveoli, which are tiny air sacs in the lungs responsible for gas exchange. This condition can result from infections, autoimmune diseases, or inhalation of harmful substances, leading to difficulty breathing and reduced oxygen absorption.
Bronch/o, bronchi/o
Meaning: Bronchus
Example: Bronchostenosis – a narrowing of the bronchial passages, which can develop due to scarring, inflammation, tumors, or chronic infections. The reduced airway size can make breathing difficult and may cause wheezing or recurring respiratory problems.
Capn/o
Meaning: Carbon dioxide
Example: Hypercapnia – A condition marked by excessive carbon dioxide in the bloodstream, often caused by hypoventilation or lung diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Symptoms include confusion, shortness of breath, and headaches, requiring ventilation support in severe cases.
Cyst/o
Meaning: Bladder, sac
Example: Cystic fibrosis – A genetic disorder that leads to thick, sticky mucus buildup in the lungs and digestive system. It causes difficulty breathing, chronic lung infections, and malnutrition due to pancreatic enzyme deficiencies. Treatment involves mucus-thinning drugs and airway clearance techniques.
Diaphragmat/o
Meaning: Diaphragm
Example: Diaphragmatocele – A hernia in the diaphragm, where abdominal organs push into the chest cavity. This condition may lead to breathing difficulties, chest pain, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Surgical repair is often necessary to correct the defect.
Epiglott/o
Meaning: Epiglottis
Example: Epiglottitis – Severe inflammation of the epiglottis, which is the flap covering the windpipe during swallowing. Often caused by bacterial infections, it can obstruct airflow and lead to a life-threatening emergency. Immediate medical attention is required, often involving antibiotics and airway management.
Fibr/o
Meaning: Fiber
Example: Pulmonary fibrosis – A condition characterized by scarring and thickening of lung tissue, which reduces oxygen transfer. Causes may include long-term exposure to toxins, radiation therapy, or autoimmune diseases. Symptoms include chronic dry cough, shortness of breath, and fatigue, often treated with medications or lung transplants.
Hem/o
Meaning: Blood
Example: Hemothoractomy– A surgical procedure involving an incision into the thorax, or chest cavity, to drain blood that has accumulated in the pleural space.
Laryng/o
Meaning: Larynx (voice box)
Example: Laryngomalacia – A condition where the soft tissues of the larynx are abnormally flexible, causing them to collapse inward during breathing. This can result in noisy breathing (stridor), especially in infants.
Lob/o
Meaning: Lobe
Example: Lobectomy – Surgical removal of a lobe of the lung, often performed to treat lung cancer, tuberculosis, or severe infections. Recovery may involve pulmonary rehabilitation and breathing exercises to improve lung function.
Muc/o
Meaning: Mucus
Example: Mucolytic – A medication that helps break down and thin mucus, making it easier to clear from the airways. Mucolytics are commonly used in treating chronic respiratory conditions like cystic fibrosis and COPD.
Nas/o
Meaning: Nose
Example: Nasopharyngitis – Inflammation of the nasal passages and pharynx, commonly referred to as the common cold. Symptoms include nasal congestion, sore throat, and sneezing. Treatments focus on symptom relief with decongestants and hydration.
Ox/i, Ox/o, Ox/y
Meaning: Oxygen
Example: Hypoxia – A condition characterized by low oxygen levels in body tissues, which can result from respiratory failure, high altitudes, or anemia. Symptoms include shortness of breath, confusion, and cyanosis. Treatment may involve supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation. |
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Term
Respiratory System Word Roots/Combining Forms (continued)
Word Roots/Combining Forms
Pharyng/o
Meaning: Pharynx (throat)
Example: Pharyngitis –Inflammation of the throat, usually caused by viral or bacterial infections. Symptoms include sore throat, fever, and difficulty swallowing. Treatments depend on the cause and may include antibiotics or throat lozenges.
Phon/o
Meaning: Voice
Example: Aphonia –Loss of voice due to laryngeal damage, vocal cord paralysis, or psychological factors. Treatment may involve speech therapy, rest, or surgery in severe cases.
Phren/o
Meaning: Diaphragm
Example: Phrenospasm –an involuntary spasm or contraction of the diaphragm, which is the muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity and plays a key role in breathing.
Pleur/o
Meaning: Pleura (membrane surrounding the lungs)
Example: Pleurisy –Inflammation of the pleura, often caused by infections, injuries, or autoimmune diseases. It causes sharp chest pain when breathing. Treatment targets the underlying cause and may include anti-inflammatory drugs.
Pneum/o, Pneumon/o
Meaning: Lung, air
Example: Pneumonia –An infection causing inflammation in the air sacs of the lungs, leading to fluid buildup, fever, cough, and chest pain. Treatment depends on the cause and may include antibiotics, antivirals, or oxygen therapy.
Pulm/o, Pulmon/o
Meaning: Lung
Example: Pulmonologist –A physician specializing in diseases of the respiratory system, such as asthma, COPD, and lung cancer. They perform diagnostic tests and create treatment plans to manage lung conditions.
Radi/o
Meaning: X-rays, radiation
Example: Radiology –The medical field focused on imaging techniques, such as X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs, to diagnose and treat conditions. Radiologists interpret these images to identify abnormalities like tumors, fractures, or infections.
Respir/o
Meaning: Breathing
Example: Cheyne-Stokes respiration –An abnormal breathing pattern seen in patients with heart failure or neurological disorders, characterized by alternating periods of rapid and shallow breathing followed by apnea.
Rhin/o
Meaning: Nose
Example: Rhinoplasty –A condition involving excessive mucus discharge from the nose, often caused by allergies, infections, or irritants.
Sept/o
Meaning: Septum
Example: Septoplasty –Surgical procedure to correct a deviated nasal septum, improving airflow and relieving nasal congestion.
Sinus/o
Meaning: Sinus
Example: Sinusitis –Inflammation or infection of the sinuses, leading to congestion, facial pain, and pressure.
Somn/o
Meaning: Sleep
Example: Hypersomnia –A condition marked by excessive daytime sleepiness or prolonged nighttime sleep that may occur even after receiving sufficient rest.
Tom/o
Meaning: To cut, section
Example: Tomography –Imaging technique that captures cross-sectional views of the body, such as CT scans, to visualize internal structures. |
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Definition
Common Abbreviations Used in Medical Terminology for the Respiratory System
Abbreviations
ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome)
Definition: ARDS is a severe lung condition that occurs when fluid builds up in the alveoli, leading to low oxygen levels in the bloodstream. It often results from trauma, infection, or other serious conditions.
BiPAP (Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure)
Definition: BiPAP is a non-invasive ventilator therapy used to help maintain airflow into the lungs by delivering different levels of air pressure during inhalation and exhalation. It is often used to treat sleep apnea and respiratory failure.
BVM (Bag-Valve Mask)
Definition: A BVM is a handheld device used to provide positive pressure ventilation to patients who are not breathing or are breathing inadequately. It is commonly used in emergency situations.
CF (Cystic Fibrosis)
Definition: Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that affects the lungs and digestive system, causing thick, sticky mucus to build up, leading to respiratory and digestive problems.
COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
Definition: COPD is a chronic lung disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs, making it difficult to breathe. It includes conditions such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure)
Definition: CPAP is a treatment that uses mild air pressure to keep the airways open, commonly used in patients with obstructive sleep apnea to prevent airway collapse during sleep.
CXR (Chest X-Ray)
Definition: A CXR is a diagnostic imaging test that uses X-rays to create pictures of the chest, including the lungs, heart, and bones. It is often used to diagnose conditions like pneumonia or tuberculosis.
FESS (Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery)
Definition: FESS is a minimally invasive surgical procedure used to restore normal drainage and function to the sinuses by removing blockages, typically used to treat chronic sinusitis.
HBOT (Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy)
Definition: HBOT is a treatment that involves breathing pure oxygen in a pressurized room or chamber. It is used to treat conditions such as decompression sickness, serious infections, and wounds that won’t heal.
MDI (Metered-Dose Inhaler)
Definition: An MDI is a device that delivers a specific amount of medication to the lungs in the form of a mist, commonly used to treat conditions like asthma and COPD.
OSA (Obstructive Sleep Apnea)
Definition: OSA is a condition in which the muscles in the throat relax excessively during sleep, causing repeated blockages of the airway and interruptions in breathing.
PNA (Pneumonia)
Definition: Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs, which may fill with fluid or pus, causing symptoms like cough, fever, and difficulty breathing.
PFT (Pulmonary Function Test)
Definition: A PFT is a group of tests that measure how well the lungs are working, including how much air they can hold, how quickly air can be exhaled, and how well the lungs deliver oxygen to the blood.
SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome)
Definition: SIDS is the unexplained death of a healthy infant, typically during sleep. It is sometimes referred to as "crib death" and often occurs in infants under 1 year old.
TB (Tuberculosis)
Definition: TB is a potentially serious bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs but can spread to other parts of the body. It is highly contagious and spread through airborne droplets.
URI (Upper Respiratory Infection)
Definition: A URI is an infection that affects the upper respiratory tract, including the nose, throat, and sinuses. It is commonly known as the common cold and often caused by viruses.
VATS (Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery)
Definition: VATS is a minimally invasive surgical procedure used to examine and treat conditions in the chest. A small camera (thoracoscope) and surgical instruments are inserted through small incisions to access the lungs or other thoracic organs. |
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