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| Absence of, without Example: Atrophy- wasting away or reduction in muscle size due to lack of use, often resulting from prolonged immobility, nerve damage,or muscle disease. |
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| Away from Example: Abduction- Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body, such as raising the arm or leg to the side, common in physical therapy and exercise routines. |
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| Toward Example: Adduction- movement of a limb towards the midline of the body, such as bringing the arm or leg back to its resting position after abduction. |
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| Slow Example: Bradykinesia- slowness of movement, often a symptom of neurological disorders like Parkinson's disease, affecting motor function and coordination. |
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| Painful, difficult, abnormal, labored Example: Dystonia- a condition characterized by abnormal muscle tone or involuntary muscle contraction, which can lead to repetitive movements, abnormal postures, and impaired function. |
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| Above, excessive Example: Hypertonia- Excessive muscle tone, resulting in stiffness or rigidity, commonly seen in conditions like cerebral palsy or stroke. |
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| Between Example: intervertebral disc- A fibrocartilaginous structure located between the vertebrae of the spine, providing cushioning and flexibility. |
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| Within, Example: Intramuscular injection- An injection administered directly into a muscle, commonly used for vaccines or medication delivery. |
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| Many, much Example: Polydactyly- A congenital condition characterized by having more than the normal number of finger or toes, which may require surgical correction for functional or cosmetic reason. |
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| Below, under Example: Subscapularis muscle- A muscle located below the scapula (shoulder blade), playing a key role in rotation and stabilization. |
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| Above, Example: Suprapatellar- Refers to the area above the patella (kneecap), commonly associated with the suprapatellar bursa, which reduces friction and allows smooth movement of the quadriceps tendon over the femur. |
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| Together, joined Example: Symphysis pubis- A cartilaginous joint where the two pubic ones meet in the pelvis, allowing slight movement for childbirth and pelvic flexibility. |
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| Together, joined Example: Synthrosis- A type of immovable joint where bones are joined together, such as the skull, providing stability and protection to vital organs. |
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| Pertaining to Example: Femoral- pertaining to the femur, the largest bone in the body, located in the thigh. |
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| Pain Example: Myalgia- Pain in the muscle, often caused by overuse, injury, or systematic conditions like fibromyalgia. |
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| Pertaining to Example: Patellar- Pertaining to the kneecap(patella), a small bone the protects the knee joint and assists in movement. |
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| Weakness Example: Myasthenia- Muscle weakness, commonly associated with conditions like myasthenia gravis, an autoimmune disorder affecting neuromuscular function. |
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| Surgical puncture to aspirate fluid Example: Arthrocentesis- Surgical puncture of a joint to remove fluid for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes, often used to relieve swelling or analyze joint conditions. |
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| Break Example: Osteoclasia- Surgical breaking of the bone tissue to correct deformities or aid in the healing process in severe cases. |
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| Break Example: Osteoclast- A specialized bone that breaks down bone tissue during bone remodeling and repair. |
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| Surgical fixation, fusion Example: Arthrodesis- Surgical fusion of a joint to provide stability and reduce pain, often used for severe arthritis. |
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| Excision, surgical removal, cutting out Example: Tenectomy- Surgical removal of part of a tendon, often performed to treat chronic tendon inflammation or injury. |
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| The record, radiographic image Example: Myogram- A record of muscle contraction activity, often used to diagnose neuromuscular disorders |
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| Process of recording, radiographic imaging Example: Arthrography- Imaging of a joint suing contrast dye to assess joint structures such as cartilage, ligaments and bones. |
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| Pertaining to Example:Throacic- Pertaining to the thorax(chest), which houses the lungs, heart, and other vital structures. |
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| Inflammation Example: Myositis- Imflammation of muscle tissue which can be caused by infections, autoimmune disorders, or trauma. |
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| Loosening, separating dissolution Example: Osteolysis- Destruction or dissolution of bone tissue, often seen in conditions like bone metastasis or infection. |
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| Softening Example: Chondromalacia- Softening of cartilage, particularly in the knee, leading to pain and difficulty with movement |
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| Resembling Example: Myeloid- Resembling bone marrow, often used to describe cells or tissue related to hematopoiesis. |
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| Tumor Example: Rhabdomyoma- A benign tumor of muscle tissue, typically found in the heart or skeletal muscles. |
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| Abnormal condition Example: Scoliosis- Abnormal curvature of the spine, which can cause back pain, reduces mobility, and postural issues. |
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| Abnormal reduction Example: Sacropenia- Loss of muscle mass and strength, often associated with aging, inactivity, or poor nutrition. |
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| Growth Example: Epiphysis- The growth end of a long bone, critical during childhood and adolescence for bone elogation |
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| Surgical repair Example: Myoplasty- Surgical repair or reconstruction of damaged or weakened muscle tissue. |
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| Suturing, repairing Example: Tenorrhaphy- Suturing of a torn or severed tendon to restore function and stability. |
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| Malignant tumor Example: Osteosarcoma- A malignant bone tumor commonly affecting children and young adults, requiring surgical and medical treatment. |
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| Process of viewing, visual examination Example: Arthroscopy- Visual examination of a joint using specialized instrument to diagnose and treat joint conditions. |
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| Incision, cut into Example: Myotomy- Surgical incision into a muscle, often performed to relieve tightness or treat muscle disorders. |
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| Nourishment, development Example: Hypertrophy- Excessive development of tissue or an organ, commonly referring to increased muscle size due to exercise or compensatory growth. |
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| Stiff, bent Example: Anklyosis- Abnormal stiffening and immobility of a joint due to fusion of the bones, often caused by injury or disease. |
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| Joint Example: Arthritis- Inflammation of a joint, often resulting in pain, swelling, and stiffness, which can be caused by aging, autoimmune disorders, or injury |
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| Carpals, wrist Example: Carpectomy- Surgical removal of carpal bone, typically performed to relieve pain or improve wrist function. |
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| Cartliage Example: Chondromalacia- Softening of cartilage, commonly affecting the knee and leading to pain and swelling during movement. |
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| Clavicle, collar bone Example: Clavicectomy- Excision do the clavicle, usually performed o treat severe fractures or chronic pain. |
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| Ribs Example: Costochondritis- Inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum, causing localized chest pain that can mimic heart-related conditions. |
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| Cranium Example: Craniotomy- Surgical incision into the cranium to access the brain for procedures such as tumor removal or trauma management. |
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| Electricity; electrical activity Example: Electromyography- A diagnostic test that records the electrical activity of muscles to detect neuromuscular disorders. |
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| Fascia Example: Fasciotomy- A surgical incision into fascia to relieve tension or pressure, often used to treat compartment syndrome. |
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| Fibrous connective tissue Example: Fibromyalgia- A condition characterized by widespread pain in fibrous tissues and muscles, often accompanied by fatigue and sleep disturbances. |
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| Movement, motion Example: Kinesiology- The study of movement and how the body's muscles, bones and joints work together to produce motion. |
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| Increased convexity of the spine Example: Kyphosis- Excessive outward curvature of the spine, leading to hunched posture, commonly seen in older adults. |
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| Lamina (thin, flat plate or layers) Example: Laminectomy- Surgical removal of a portion of the vertebral lamina to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves. |
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| Smooth (viseral) muscle that lines the walls of internal organs Example: Leiomyoma- A benign tumor of smooth muscle, often found in the uterus where it is commonly referred to as a fibroid. |
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| Bent forward, increased concavity of the spine Example: Lordosis- Excessive inward curvature of the spine, commonly affecting the lower back and sometimes leading to pain. |
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| Loin, lumbar region of the spine Example: Lumbodynia-Pain in the lumbar region, often caused by muscle strain, injury, or degenerative conditions. |
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| Mandible, lower jaw bone Example: Mandibular- Pertaining to the mandible, the largest and strongest bone of the face that holds the lower teeth. |
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| Maxillia, upper jaw bone Example: Maxillofacial- Pertaining to the maxilla and face, often referring to surgeries or treatments involving the upper jaw and facial structures. |
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| Meniscus, crescent Example: Meniscetomy- Surgical removal of a meniscus, typically done to repair damage from injury or degeneration in the knee joint. |
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