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| located on the superior surface of each kidney; the adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones, and the adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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| hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex |
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| regulate carbohydrate metabolism and have antiinflammatory effects |
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| maintain salt and water balance |
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| influence development and maintenance of male sex characteristics, for example facial hair, and deep voice |
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| hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla that affect the sympathetic nervous system in stress response |
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| secreted in response to fear or injury |
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| secreted in response to hypotension and physical stress |
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| located on both sides of the uterus in the female pelvis; secrete estrogen and progesterone |
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| responsible for the development of female secondary sex characteristics |
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| regulates uterine conditions during pregnancy |
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| islets of Langerhans of the pancreas |
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| endocrine tissue within the pancreas; secretes insulin and glucagon |
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| a hormone secreted by the beta cells of the islets of langerhans that is responsible for regulating the metabolism of glucose |
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| hormone secreted by alpha cells of islets of langerhans that serves to regulate carbohydrate metabolism by raising blood sugar |
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| two paired glands located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland in the neck; secrete parathyroid hormone |
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| parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
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| regulates calcium and phosphorous metabolism |
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| located in the center of the brain; secretes melatonin and serotonin |
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| exact function unknown; affects the onset of puberty |
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| a neurotransmitter that serves as the precursor to melatonin |
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| located at the base of the brain: considered the master gland as it secretes hormones that regulate the function of other glands, such as the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testicles; the anterior pituitary secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, growth hormone, and prolactin; the posterior pituitary releases antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin |
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| anterior lobe of the pituitary gland |
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| stimulates secretion from the thyroid gland |
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| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
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| stimulates secretion from the adrenal cortex |
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| Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) |
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| initiates the growth of ovarian follicles stimulates the secretion of estrogen in females and the production of sperm in males |
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| causes ovulation, stimulates the secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum, causes the secretion of testosterone in the tesetes |
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| melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) |
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| affects skin pigmentation |
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| stimulates breast development and milk production during pregnancy |
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antidiuretic hormone
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| influences the absorption of water by kidney tubules |
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| influences uterine contraction |
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| located on both sides within the scrotum in the male; secrete tesosterone |
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| affects masculinization and reproduction |
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| located in the mediastinal cavity anterior to and above the heart; secretes thymosin |
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| regulates immune response |
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| located in front of the neck; secretes triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and calcitonin |
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triiodothyronine
thyroxine |
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| known as the thyroid hormones; regulate metabolism |
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| regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism |
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| exopthalmos or exophtalmus |
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| protrusion of one or both eyeballs, often because of thyroid dysfunction or a tumor behind the eyeball |
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| glucose (sugar) in the urine |
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