Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bone marrow or spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hip bone or pelvic cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rod shaped or striated (skeletal) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bones of shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bones of skull, vertebral column, chest, and hyoid bone (U-shaped bone lying at the base of the tongue) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized connective tissue compsed of osteocytes (bone cells) forming the skeleton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tightly solid, strong bone tissue resitant to bending |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mesh-like bone tissue containing marrow and fine branching canals through which blood vessels run |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bones of wrists and ankles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bones of ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis, and skull |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bones of vertebrae and face |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| round bones found near joints (e.g., patella) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wide ends of a long bone (physis = growth) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| growth zone between epiphysis and diaphysis during development of a long bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membrane lining the medullary cavity of a bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| soft connective tissue within the medullary cavities of bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in cavities of most bones in infants; functions in formation of red blood cells, some white blood cells, and platelets; in adults, red bone marrow is found most often in the flat bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gradually replaces red bone marrow in adult bones, functions as strorage for fat tissue, and is inactive in formation of blood cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a gristle-like substance found on bones where they articulate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a joint; the point where two bones come together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a fibrous sac between certain tendons and bones that is lined with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a flat, plate-like structure composed of fibrocartilaginous tissue found between the vertebrae to reduce friction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the soft, fibrocartilaginous, central portion of intervertebral disk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a flexible band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membrane lining the capsule of a joint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissue composed of fibers that can contract, causing movement of an organ or part of the body |
|
|
Term
| striated (skeletal) muscle |
|
Definition
| voluntary striated muscle attached to the skeleton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involuntary muscle found in internal organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscle end attached to the bone that does not move when the muscle contracts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscle end attached to the bone that moves when the muscles contracts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle |
|
|
Term
coronal (frontal) plane
[body plane] |
|
Definition
| vertical division of the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) positions |
|
|
Term
sagittal plane
[body plane] |
|
Definition
| vertical division of the body into right and left portions |
|
|
Term
transverse plane
[body plane] |
|
Definition
| horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions |
|
|
Term
anterior (A) (ventral)
[terms of position and direction] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
posterior (P) (dorsal)
[terms of position and direction] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
anterior-posterior (AP)
[terms of position and direction] |
|
Definition
| from front to back; commonly associated with the direction of an x-ray beam |
|
|
Term
posterior-anterior (PA)
[terms of position and direction] |
|
Definition
| from back to front; commonly associated with the direction of an x-ray beam |
|
|
Term
superior (cephalic)
[terms of position and direction] |
|
Definition
| situated above another structure, toward the head |
|
|
Term
inferior (caudal)
[terms of position and direction] |
|
Definition
| situated below another structure, away from the head |
|
|
Term
proximal
[terms of position and direction] |
|
Definition
| toward the beginning or origin of a structure [e.g., the proximal aspect of the femur (thigh bone) is the area closest to where it attaches to the hip] |
|
|
Term
distal
[terms of position and direction] |
|
Definition
| away from the beginning or origin of a structure [e.g., the distal aspect of the femur (thigh bone) is the area at the end of the bone near the knee] |
|
|
Term
medial
[terms of position and direction] |
|
Definition
| toward the middle (midline) |
|
|
Term
lateral
[terms of position and direction] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
axis
[terms of position and direction] |
|
Definition
| line that runs through the center of the body or a body part |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
decubitus
[body positions] |
|
Definition
| lying down, especially in bed; i.e., lateral decubitus is lying on the side (decumbo = to lie down) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
recumbent
[body positions] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| horizontal recumbent; lying flat on the back--"on the spine" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bending at the joint so that the angle between the bones is decreased |
|
|
Term
extension
[body movements] |
|
Definition
| straightening at the joint so that the angle between the bones is increased |
|
|
Term
abduction
[body movements] |
|
Definition
| movement away from the body |
|
|
Term
adduction
[body movements] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| circular movement around axis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| turning outward, i.e., of a foot |
|
|
Term
inversion
[body movements] |
|
Definition
| turning inward, i.e., of a foot |
|
|
Term
supination
[body movements] |
|
Definition
| turning upward or forward of the palmar surface (palm of the hand) or plantar surface (sole of the foot) |
|
|
Term
pronation
[body movements] |
|
Definition
| turning downward or backward of the palmar surface (palm of the hand) or plantar surface (sole of the foot) |
|
|
Term
dorsiflexion
[body movements] |
|
Definition
| bending of the foot or the toes upward |
|
|
Term
plantar flexion
[body movements] |
|
Definition
| bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground |
|
|
Term
range of motion (ROM)
[body movements] |
|
Definition
| total motion possible in a joint, described by the terms related to body movements, i.e., ability to flex, extend, abduct, or adduct; measured in degrees |
|
|
Term
goniometer
[body movements] |
|
Definition
| instrument used to measure join angles (gonio = angle) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shrinking of tissue such as muscle |
|
|
Term
crepitation
crepitus
[symptomatic] |
|
Definition
| grating sound made by movement of some joints or broken bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a projection arising from a bone that develops from cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flabby, relaxed, or having defective or absent muscle tone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase in the size of tissue such as muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduced muscle tone or tension |
|
|
Term
myalgia
myodynia
[symptomatic] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ostealgia
osteodynia
[symptomatic] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
rigor or rigidity
[symptomatic] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drawing in; involuntary contraction of muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscles causing stiff and awkward movements (resembles spasm) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tension; prolonged, continuous muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shaking; rhythmic muscular movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the joints characterized by pain, swelling, redness, warmth, and limitation of motion--there are more than 100 different types of arthritis |
|
|
Term
osteoarthritis (OA)
degenerative arthritis
degenerative joint disease (DJD)
[diagnostic] |
|
Definition
| most common form of arthritis that especially affects weight-bearing joints (e.g., knee, hip); characterized by the erosion of articular caritlage |
|
|
Term
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
[diagnostic] |
|
Definition
| most crippling form of arthritis characteriezed by a chronic, systemic infalmmation most often affecting joints and synovial membranes (especially in the hands and feet) causing ankylosis (stiff joints) and deformity |
|
|
Term
gouty arthritis
[diagnostic] |
|
Definition
| acute attacks of arthritis usually in a single joint (especially the great toe) caused by hyperuricemia (an excessive level of uric acid in the blood) |
|
|
Term
bony necrosis
sequestrum
[diagnostic] |
|
Definition
| dead bone tissue from loss of blood supply such as can occur after a fracture (sequestrum = something laid aside) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| swelling of the joint at the base of the great toe caused by inflammation of the bursa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
carpal tunnel syndrome
[diagnostic] |
|
Definition
| condition that results from compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel at the wrist, characterized by pain, numbness, and tingling in the wrist and fingers and weak grip; commonly seen as a result of cumulative trauma of surrounding tendons |
|
|
Term
chondromalacia
[diagnostic] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of epiphyseal regions of the long bone |
|
|
Term
fracture (Fx)
[diagnostic] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
closed fracture
[diagnostic] |
|
Definition
| a broken bone with no open woudn |
|
|
Term
open fracture
[diagnostic] |
|
Definition
| compound fracture; a broken bone with an open wound |
|
|
Term
simple fracture
[diagnostic] |
|
Definition
| a nondisplaced fracture involving one fracture line that does not require extensive treatment to repair (e.g., hairline Fx, stress Fx, or crack) |
|
|
Term
complex fracture
[diagnostic] |
|
Definition
| a displaced fracture that requires manipulation or surgery to repair |
|
|
Term
fracture line
[diagnostic] |
|
Definition
| line made by broken bone (e.g., oblique, spiral, or transverse) |
|
|
Term
comminuted fracture
[diagnostic] |
|
Definition
| broken in many little pieces |
|
|
Term
greenstick fracture
[diagnostic] |
|
Definition
| bending and incomplete break of a bone--most often seen in children |
|
|
Term
herniated disk or disc
[diagnostic] |
|
Definition
| protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes, causing compression on the nerve root |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
leimyosarcoma
[diagnostic] |
|
Definition
| malignant smooth muscle tumor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
rhabdomyosarcoma
[diagnostic] |
|
Definition
| malignant skeletal muscle tumor |
|
|
Term
muscular dystrophy
[diagnostic] |
|
Definition
| a category of genetically transmitted diseases characterized by progressive atrophy of skeletal muscles (Duchenne's type is most common) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of malignant bone tumor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| osteomalacia in children (causes bone deformity) |
|
|
Term
osteomyelitis
[diagnostic] |
|
Definition
| infection of bone and bone marrow causing inflammation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| condition of decreased bone density and increased porosity, causing bones to become brittle and liable to fracture (porosis = passage) |
|
|
Term
kyphosis
[diagnostic - spinal curvatures] |
|
Definition
| abnormal posterior curvature of the thoracic spine (humpback condition) |
|
|
Term
lordosis
[diagnostic - spinal curvatures] |
|
Definition
| abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine (sway-back condition) |
|
|
Term
scoliosis
[diagnostic - spinal curvatures] |
|
Definition
| abnormal lateral curvature of the spine (S-shaped curve) |
|
|
Term
spondylolisthesis
[diagnostic - spinal curvatures] |
|
Definition
| forward slipping of a lumbar vertebra (listhesis = slipping) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stiff, immobile condition of vertebrae due to joint degeneration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| injury to a ligament caused by joint trauma but without joint dislocation or fracture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a partial dislocation (luxation = dislocation) |
|
|
Term
tendinitis
tendonitis
[diagnostic] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a neurodiagnostic graphic record of the electrical activity of muscle at rest and during contraction to diagnose neuromusculoskeletal disorders (e.g., muscular dystrophy); usually performed by a neurologist |
|
|
Term
| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
|
Definition
a nonionizing imaging technique using magnetic fields and radiofrequency waves
to visualize anatomical structures--useful in orthopedics to detect joint, tendon, and vertebral disk disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ionizing imaging technique using radioactive isotopes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| radionuclide image of bone tissue to detect tumor, malignancy, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| x-ray imaging; an ionizing technique commonly used in orthopedics to visualize the extremities, ribs, back, shoulders, joints, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an x-ray of a joint taken after injection of a contrast medium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an x-ray of an intervertebral disk after injection of a contrast medium |
|
|
Term
| dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) |
|
Definition
| an x-ray scan that measures bone mineral density of the spine and extremities to diagnose osteoporosis, determine fracture risk, and monitor treatment; classifications of bone mass include normal, osteopenic, or osteoporotic as indicated by a T score (amount of bone mass of the patient compared to that of a normal young adult) |
|
|
Term
computed tomography (CT)
computed axial tomography (CAT) |
|
Definition
| a specialized x-ray procedure producin a series of cross-sectional images that are processed by a computer into a 2-dimensional or 3-dimensional image |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ultrasound imaging; a nonionizing technique useful in orthopedics to visualize muscles, ligaments, displacements, and dislocations or to guide a therapeutic intervention such as that performed during arthroscopy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| partial or complete removal of a limb; AKA, above-knee amputation; BKA, below-knee amputation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| puncture for aspiration of a joint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| binding or fusing of joint surfaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| repair or reconstruction of a joint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| procedure using an arthroscope to examine, diagnose, and repair a joint from within |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transplantation of a piece of bone from one site to another to repair a skeletal defect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| open reduction, internal fixation (ORIF) of a fracture |
|
Definition
| internal surgical repair of a fracture by bringing bones back into alignment and fixing them into place, often utilizing plates, screws, pins, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| division by incision of a tendon to repair a deformity caused by shortening of a muscle |
|
|
Term
| closed reduction, external fixation of a fracture |
|
Definition
| external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment along with application of an external device to protect and hold the bone in place while healing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use of a stiff, solid dressing around a limb or other body part to immobilize it during healing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use of a rigid device to immobilize or restrain a broken bone or injured body part; provides less support than a cast, but can be adjusted easier to accommodate for swelling from an injury |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| application of a pulling force to fractured bone or dislocated joint to maintain proper position during healing |
|
|
Term
| closed reduction, percutaneous fixation of a fracture |
|
Definition
| external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment, followed by insertion of one or more pins through the skin to maintain position--often includes use of an external device called a fixator to keep the fracture immobilized during healing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use of an orthopedic appliance to maintain a bone's position or provide limb support (e.g., back, knee, or wrist brace) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| treatment to rehabilitate patients disabled by illness or injury, involving many different modalities (methods), such as exercise, hydrotherapy, diathermy, and ultrasound |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an artificial replacement for a diseased or missing body part such as a hip, joint, or limb |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a potent analgesic that has addictive properties |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a drug that reduces inflammation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a drug that relieves fever |
|
|
Term
| nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) |
|
Definition
| a group of drugs with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties (e.g., ibuprofen, aspirin) commonly used to treat arthritis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| computed axial tomography |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| degenerative joint disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| magnetic resonance imaging |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| open reduction, internal fixation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
