Term
| pituitary gland, hypophysis cerebri |
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Definition
| approximately the size of a pea and located the base of the brain; divided into two lobes |
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Term
| anterior lobe or adenohypophysis |
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Definition
| produces and secretes growth hormone (GH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), gonadotropic hormones, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and prolactic or lactogenic hormone (PRL) |
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Definition
| regulates the growth of the body |
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| adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
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Definition
| stimulates the adrenal cortex |
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| thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) |
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Definition
| stimulates the thyroid gland |
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| affect the male and female reproductive systems |
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| follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
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Definition
| regulates development, growth, and function of the ovaries and testes |
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| regulate development, growth, and function of the ovaries and testes |
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| prolactin or lactogenic hormone (PRL) |
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Definition
| promotes development of glandular tissue during pregnancy and produces milk after birth of an infant |
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| posterior lobe or neurohypophysis |
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Definition
| stores and releases antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin |
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| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
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Definition
| stimulates the kidney to reabsorb water |
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| stimulates uterine contractions during labor and postpartum |
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| located near the pituitary gland in the brain; secretes "releasing" hormone that functions to stimulate or inhibit the release of pituitary gland hormones |
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Definition
| largest endocrine gland; located in the neck below the larynx and comprises bilateral lobes connected by an isthmus; secretes the hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), which require iodine for their production; thyroxine is necessary for body cell metabolism |
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Definition
| four small bodies lying directly behind the thyroid; parathormone (PTH), the hormone produced by the glands, helps maintain the level of calcium in the blood |
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Definition
| clusters of endocrine tissue found throughout the pancreas, made up of different cell types that secrete various hormones, including insulin and glucagon; nonendocrine cells found throughout the pancras perform nonendocrine functions such as digestion |
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Term
| adrenal glands, suprarenals |
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Definition
| paired glands, one of which is located above each kidney the outer portion is called the adrenal cortex, and the inner portion is called the adrenal medulla; hormones secreted by the adrenal glands include cortisol, aldosterone, epinephrine, and norepinephrine |
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| secreted by the adrenal cortex; aids the body during stress by increasing glucose levels to provide energy (also called hydrocortisone) |
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| secreted by the adrenal cortex; electrolytes (mineral salts) that are necessary for normal body function are regulated by this hormone |
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| secreted by the adrenal medulla; helps the body to deal with stress by increasing the blood pressure, heartbeat, and respirations |
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| norepinephrine (noradrenaline) |
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Definition
| secreted by the adrenal medulla; helps the body to deal with stress by increasing the blood pressure, heartbeat, and respirations |
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| cortex (the outer layer of a body organ) |
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| enlargement of the extremities (and bones of the face, hands, and feet caused by excessive production of the growth hormone by the pituitary gland after puberty) |
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| abnormal softening of a gland |
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| abnormal condition of a gland |
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| inflammation of the adrenal gland |
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| enlargement (of one or both) of the adrenal glands |
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| excessive calcium (Ca) in the blood |
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| excessive sugar in the blood |
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| excessive potassium (K) in the blood |
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| state of excessive thyroid gland activity (characterized by excessive secretion of thyroid hormones) |
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| deficient level of calcium in the blood |
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| deficient level of sugar in the blood |
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| deficient level of potassium in the blood |
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| deficient level of sodium (Na) in the blood |
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| state of deficient thyroid gland activity (characterized by decreased secretion of thyroid hormones) |
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| tumor of a parathyroid gland |
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| inflammation of the thyroid gland |
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| condition brought about by an abnormal accumulation of acid products of metabolism, seen frequently in uncotrolled diabetes mellitus |
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| chronic syndrome resulting from a deficiency in the hormonal secretion of the adrenal cortex; symptoms may include weakness, darkening of skin, loss of appetite, depression, and other emotional problems |
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| condition caused by congenital absence or atrophy (wasting away) of the thyroid gland, resulting in hypothyroidism; characterized by puffy features, mental deficiency, large tongue, and dwarfism |
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| group of symptoms attributed to the excessive production of cortisol by the adrenal cortices (pl. of cortex); may be the result of a pituitary tumor; symptoms include abnormally pigmented skin, "moon face," pads of fat on the chest and abdomen, "buffalo hump" (fat on the upper back), and wasting away of muscle |
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| result of decreased secretion of antidiuretic hormone by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; symptoms include excessive thirst (polydipsia) and large amounts of urine (polyuria) and sodium being excreted from the body |
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| chronic disease involving a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism; caused by underactivity of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, which results in insufficient production of insulin; when the disease is not controlled or is untreated, the patient may develop ketosis, acidosis, and finally coma |
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| condition brought about by overproduction of growth hormone by the pituitary gland before puberty |
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| enlargement of the thyroid gland |
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| a disorder of the thyroid gland characterized by the presence of hyperthyroidism, goiter, and exophthalmos |
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| condition resulting from uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, in whihc the body has an abnormal concentration of ketone bodies (compounds that are a normal product of fat metabolism) |
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| condition resulting from a deficiency of the thyroid hormone thyroxine; a severe form of hypothyroidism in an adult; symptoms include puffiness of the face and hands, course and thickened skin, enlarged tongue, slow speech, and anemia |
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| condition affecting nerves causing muscle spasms as a result of low amounts of calcium in the blood caused by a deficiency of the parathyroid hormone |
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| a condition caused by excessive thyroid hormones |
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| the practice of physical posture, breathing exercises, and meditation; regular practice of yoga has been linked with decreased blood glucose levels and improved insulin kinetics in those with type 1 and type 2 diabetes |
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| Diabetes Mellitus, type 1 |
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Definition
| insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), juvenile-onset diabetes; beta cells of the pancreas that produce insulin are destroyed and eventually no insulin is produced; abrupt onset, occurs primarily in childhood or adolescence; patients often are thin; symptoms include polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, and hyperglycemia; treatment includes insulin injections and diet |
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| Diabetes Mellitus, type 2 |
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Definition
| noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), adult-onset diabetes (AODM); resistance of body cells to the action of insulin and also a decrease in insulin secretion; slow onset, usually occurs in middle-aged or elderly adults; many patients are obese; symptoms include fatigue, blurred vision, thirst, and hyperglycemia; may have neural or vascular complications; treatment includes oral hypoglycemics or insulin and diet |
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| excision of an adrenal gland |
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| excision of a parathyroid gland |
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| excision of the thyroid gland |
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| incision of the thyroid gland |
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| excision of the thyroid and parathyroid glands |
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| radioactive iodine uptake test (RAIU) |
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Definition
| a nuclear medicine scan that measures thyroid function; radioactive iodine is given to the patient orally, after which its uptake into the thyroid gland is measured |
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Definition
| a nuclear medicine test that shows the size, shape, and position of the thyroid gland; the patient is given a radioactive substance to visualize the thyroid gland; an images is recorded as the scanner is passed over the neck area; used to detect tumors and nodules |
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Term
| fasting blood sugar (FBS) |
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Definition
| a blood test to determine the amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood after fasting for 8 to 10 hours; elevation indicates diabetes mellitus |
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Term
| thyroid-stimulating hormone level (TSH) (thyrotropin) |
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Definition
| a blood test that measures the amount of thyroid-stimulating hormone in the blood; used to diagnose hyperthyroidism and to monitor patients on thyroid replacement therapy |
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Definition
| a blood study that gives the direct measurement of the amount of thyroxine in the patient's blood; a greater-than-normal amount indicates hyperthyroidism; a less-than-normal amount indicates hypothyroidism |
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| excessive development of the adrenal cortex |
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| disease of the adrenal gland |
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| deficiency of calcium (also called hypocalcemia) |
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| a physician who studies and treats diseases of the endocrine system |
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| the study of the endocrine (system); a branch of medicine dealing with diseases of the endocrine system |
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| (any) disease of the endocrine system |
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| resembling a normal (functioning) thyroid gland |
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| abnormal state of much thirst |
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| (set of symptoms that) run (occur) together |
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| abnormal protrusion of the eyeball |
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| a chemical substance secreted by an endocrine gland that is carried in the blood to a target tissue |
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| narrow strip of tissue connecting two large parts in the body, such as the isthmus that connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland |
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| sum total of all the chemical processes that take place in a living organism |
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| radioactive iodine uptake |
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