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| more than the normal number of cells |
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| abnormal decrease, too few |
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| cells in blood as a group |
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| red blood cells; transporting substances |
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| white blood cells; protect the body from invading microorganisms |
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| helps transport fatty substances that cannot dissolve in the watery plasma |
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| no longer contain a nucleus |
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| makes cells red, iron containing pigment, picks up oxygen from lungs and delivers it to the tissues of the body |
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| waste product disposed of by the liver |
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| bacteria, viruses, and other foreign material |
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| with granules in the cytoplasm; basophilis, eosinophilis, neutrophilis |
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| release histamine and heparin to damaged tissue |
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| destroy parasites and increase during allergic reactions |
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| important for phagocytosis; most numerous of the leukocytes |
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| w.o granules in cytoplasm; monocytes, lymphocytes |
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| important for phagocytosis |
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| plays several different roles in immune response |
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| smallest of all formed elements |
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| reacts with prothrombin to form thrombin |
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| converts fibrinogen to fibrin |
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| lab test determines compatibility of donated blood |
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| A & B red blood cell markers |
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| A marker, produces anti-B antibodies that will attack type B blood. |
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| B marker; anti A-antibodies |
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| no antibodies, won't attack any blood types, universal recipient |
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| has both A and B antibodies and will attack all other blood types, universal donor because it will not react with anti-a or anti-b |
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| w.o Rh factor and will produce anti-Rh antibodies, Rh- blood only |
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| no anti-Rh antibodies so can have Rh+ and Rh- |
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| hard collection of fibrin, blood cells, and tissue debris that is the end result of hemostasis |
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| to convert from a liquid to a gel or solid |
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| a general term indicating the presence of a disease affecting blood |
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| branch of medicine that specializes in treating diseases and conditions of the blood. |
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| collection of blood under the skin as the result of blood escaping into the tissue from damaged blood vessels; bruise |
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| to stop bleeding or the stagnation of blood flow through the tissues |
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| a transfusion of only the formed elements without plasma |
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| refers to the mixture of both plasma and formed elements |
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| hereditary blood disease in which the blood-clotting time is prolonged due to a lack of one vital clotting factor. transmitted by a sex- linked trait from females to males, appearing in almost exclusively in males |
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| condition of having too high a level of lipids such as cholesterol in the bloodstream. A risk factor for developing atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. |
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| having bacteria or their toxins in the bloodstream. Sepsis is a term that means putrefaction. Commonly referred to as blood poisoning. |
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| large group of conditions characterized by a reduction in the number of red blood cells or the amount of hemoglobin in the blood, results in less oxygen reaching the tissue |
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| severe form of anemia that develops as a consequence of loss of functioning red bone marrow. Results in decrease in the number of all the formed elements. Treatment may eventually require a bone marrow transplant |
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| an anemia that develops as the result of the excessive loss of erythrocytes. |
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| destruction of a patients erythrocytes that occurs when recieving a transfusion of an incompatible blood type. also called transfusion reaction. |
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| anemia resulting from having insufficient hemoglobin in the erythrocytes. named because the hemoglobin molecule is responsible for the dark red color of the erythrocytes. |
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| anemia that results from having insufficient iron to manufacture hemoglobin. |
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| anemia associated with insufficient absorption of vitamin B12 by the digestive system. B12 is necessary for erythrocyte production. |
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| production of too many red blood cells by the bone marrow. Blood becomes too thick to easily to flow through the blood vessels. |
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| a genetic disorder in which erythrocytes take on an abnormal curved or sickle shape. these cells are fragile and are easily damaged, leading to a hemolytic anemia. |
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| a genetic disorder in which the body is unable to make functioning hemoglobin, resulting in anemia. |
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| cancer of the white blood cell-forming red bone marrow resulting in large number of abnormal and immature white blood cells circulating in the blood. |
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| blood culture and sensitivity |
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| sample of blood is incubated in the laboratory to check for bacterial growth. |
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| combination of blood tests including: red blood cell count(RBC), white blood cell count(WBC), hemoglobin(Hgb), hematocrit(Hct), white blood cell differential, and platelet count. |
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| erythrocyte sedimentation rate |
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| blood test to determine the rate at which mature red blood cells settle out of the blood after the addition of an anticoagulant. this is an indicator of the presence of an inflammatory disease |
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| blood test to measure the volume of red blood cells within the total volume of blood. |
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| measure of the blood's coagulation abilities by measuring how long it takes for a clot to form after prothrombin has been activated. |
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| red blood cell morphology |
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| examination of a specimen of blood for abnormalities in the shape of the erythrocytes. used to determine diseases like sickle cell anemia. |
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| sequential multiple analyzer computer |
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| machine for doing multiple blood chemistry tests automatically |
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| white blood cell differential |
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| blood test to determine the number of each variety of leukocytes |
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| sample of bone marrow is removed by aspiration with a needle and examined for diseases such as leukemia or aplastic anemia |
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| incision into a vein in order to remove blood for a diagnostic test. also called venipuncture |
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| procedure for collecting and storing a patient's own blood several weeks prior to the actual need. |
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| artificial transfer of blood into the bloodstream. |
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| patient recieves red bone marrow from a donor after the patient's own bone marrow has been destroyed by radiation or chemotherapy. |
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| replacement of blood by transfusion of blood recieved from another person |
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| method of removing plasma from the body without depleting the formed elements. whole blood is removed and the cells and plasma are seperated. the cells are returned to the patient along with a donor plasma transfusion. |
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| substance that prevents blood clot formation. blood thinners: heparin and warfarin |
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| substance that prevents or stops hemorrhaging; a hemostatic agent; aminocaproic acid |
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| substance that interferes with the action of platelets. prolongs bleeding time. used to prevent heart attacks and strokes. clopidogrel, Plavix |
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| substance that increases the number of erythrocytes or the amount of hemoglobin in the blood. |
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| term meaning able to dissolve existing blood clots |
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| acute lymphocytic leukemia |
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| acute myelogenous leukemia |
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| chronic lymphocytic leukemia |
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| chronic myelogenous leukemia |
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| erythrocyte sedimentation rate |
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| polymorphonuclear neutrophil |
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| sequential multiple analyzer computer |
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| fluid once inside a lymphatic vessel |
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| lymph vessels around small intestine; pick up absorbed fats for transport |
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| fluid enters to begin the trip back to the circulatory system |
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| drains the right arm and the right side of the neck and chest, empties lymph into the right subclavian vein. |
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| drains lymph from the rest of the body and empties into the left subclavian vein |
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| house lymphocytes and anitbodies and therefore work to remove pathogens and cell debris as lymph passes through them on its way back to the thoracic cavity, also trap and destroy cells from cancerous tumors. |
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| drain arms and shoulder region; cancer cells from breasts may be present-located in armpits |
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| located in neck-drain head and neck; may be enlarged during upper respiratory infections |
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| located in groin- drain legs and lower pelvis |
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| located in chest- drain chest cavity |
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| palatine tonsils, pharyngeal tonsils(adenoids), lingual tonsils- act as filters to protect the body from the invasion of pahtogens through the digestive or respiratory systems. |
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| located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, consists of lymphatic tissue that is highly infiltrated with blood vessels. filters out and destroys old red blood cells, recycles the iron, and stores some of the blood supply for the body |
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| line the blood sinuses in the blood sinuses in the spleen to engulf and remove pathogens. |
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| located in the upper portion of the mediastinum is essential for the proper development of the immune system. |
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| thymus hormone changes lymphocytes to T lymphocytes |
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| play an important role in the immune response |
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| body's ability to defend itself against pathogens |
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| innate immunity, not specific to a particular disease and does not require prior exposure to the pathogenic agent |
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| body's response to a specific pathogen and may be established either passively or actively. |
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| passive acquired immunity |
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| results when a person recieves protective substances produced by another human or animal. |
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| a series of different mechanisms all geared to neutralize the agent |
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| special types of active acquired immunity. |
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| foreign proteins that cause disease and stimulate the immune response |
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| humoral immunity or antibody mediated immunity |
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| production of B lymphocytes, also called B cells, which respond to antigens by producing a protective protien |
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| combine with the antigen to form and antigen-antibody complex. |
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| targets the foreign substances for phagocytosis or prevents the infectious agent from damaging healthy cells |
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| production of T cells and natural killer cells. |
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| cytotoxic, physically attack and destroy pahtogenic cells. |
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| hospital exposure, can spread in several ways. |
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| occurs when a patient or healthcare worker acquires a pathogen from another patient or healthcare worker |
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| patient becomes infected again with the same pathogen that originally brought him or her to the hospital. |
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| person becomes infected in a different part of the body by a pathogen from another part of his or her own body |
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| Occupational Safety and Health Administration |
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| antigen that causes an allergic reaction |
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| physician who specializes in testing for and treating allergies |
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| hypersensitivity to a common substance in the environment or to a medication |
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| resulting from the body's immune system attacking its own cells as if they were pathogens. |
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| appearance of wheals as part of an allergic reaction |
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| human immunodeficiency virus |
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| virus that causes AIDS; also known as a retrovirus |
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| having an immune system that is unable to respond properly to pathogens; also called immunodeficiency disorder |
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| antibodies secreted by B cells. all antibodies are immunoglobulins and assist in protecting the body and its surfaces from the invasion of bacteria. |
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| a branch of medicine concerned with diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases and other disorders of the immune system. |
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| the tissues' response to injury from pathogens or physical agents. |
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| edema appearing in the extremities due to an obstruction of the lymph flow through the lymphatic vessels. |
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| the tissues' response to injury from pathogens or physical agents. |
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| infectious diseases associated with patients who have compromised immune systems and therefore a lowered resistance to infections and parasites. |
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| severe itching associated with hives, usually linked to food allergy, stress, or drug reactions. |
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| life threatening condition resulting from a severe allergic reaction. |
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| inflammation, obstruction, and destruction of the lymph vessels resulting in enlarged tissues due to edema. |
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| cancer of the lymphatic cells found in concentration in the lymph nodes. |
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| inflammation of the lymph nodes; swollen glands |
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| acute infectious disease with a large number of abnormal lymphocytes, abnormal liver function may occur |
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| cancer of the lymphatic tissues other than Hodgkins lymphoma |
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| acquired immunodeficiency syndrome |
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| disease involving a defect in the cell-mediated immunity system. a syndrome of opportunistic infections occurring in the final stages of infection with the HIV. reduces the persons ability to fight |
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| serious complication of bone marrow transplant (graft). immune cells from the donor bone marrow attack the recipients tissue. |
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| from of skin cancer frequently seen in patients with AIDS. Consists of brownish-purple papules that spread from the skin and metastasize to internal organs. |
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| pneumocystis carinii pneumonia |
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| pneumonia common in patients with AIDS that is caused by infection with an opportunistic parasite. |
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| disease of unknown cause that forms fibrous lesions commonly appearing in the lymph nodes, liver, skin, lungs, spleen, eyes, and small bones of the hands and feet. |
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| severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome |
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| disease seen in children born with a nonfunctioning immune system. |
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| enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay |
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| a blood test for an antibody to the AIDS virus. positive test means that this person has been exposed to the virus. |
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| test used as backup to the ELISA blood test to detect the presence of the antibody to HIV in the blood. |
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| x-ray taken of the lymph vessels after the injection of dye into the foot. |
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| test for infectious mononucleosis |
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| form of allergy testing in which the body is exposed to an allergen through a light scratch in the skin. |
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| giving a patient an injection of immunoglobulins or antibodies in order to treat a disease. |
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| exposure to a weakened pathogen that stimulates the immune response and antibody production in order to confer production against the full blown disease. |
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| blocks the effects of histamine released by the body during an allergic reaction |
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| a hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that has very strong anti-inflammatory properties. |
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| blocks certain actions of the immune system. required to prevent rejection of a transplanted organ. |
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| inhibits protease, and enzyme viruses need to reproduce |
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| reverse transcriptase inhibitor drugs |
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| inhibits reverse transcriptase, an enzyme needed by viruses to reproduce |
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| enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay |
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