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| located next to each kidney, the adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones and the adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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| regulate carbohydrate metabolism and salt and water balance; some affect on sexual characteristics |
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| affect sympathetic nervous system in stress response |
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| affect sympathetic nervous system in stress response |
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| located one on each side of the uterus in the female pelvis, functioning to secrete estrogen and progesterone |
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| responsible for the development of female secondary sex characteristics and the regulation of reproduction |
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| located behind the stomach in front of the first and second lumbar vertebrae, functioning to secrete insulin and glucagon |
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| regulate carbohydrate/sugar metabolism |
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| located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland in the neck, functioning to secrete parathyroid hormone |
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| regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism |
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| located in the center of the brain, functioning to secrete melatonin and serotonin |
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| exact function unknown; affects onset of puberty |
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| a neurotransmitter that serves as the precursor to melatonin |
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| pituitary gland/hypophysis |
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| located at the base of the brain, the anterior pituitary secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, growth hormone, and prolactin; posterior pituitary releases antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin |
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| thyroid-stimulating hormone |
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| stimulates secretion from thyroid gland |
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| adrenocorticotropic hormone |
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| stimulates secretion from adrenal cortex |
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| follicle-stimulating hormone |
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| initiates growth of ovarian follicle; stimulates secretion of estrogen in females and sperm production in males |
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| causes ovulation; stimulates secretion of progesterone by corpus luteum; causes secretion of testosterone in testes |
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| melanocyte-stimulating hormone |
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| affects skin pigmentation |
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| prolactin (lactogenic hormone) |
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| stimulates breast development and milk production during pregnancy |
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| influences the absorption of eater by kidney tubules |
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| influences uterine contraction |
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| located one on each side within the scrotum in the male, functioning to secrete testosterone |
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| located in the mediastinal cavity anterior to and above the heart, functioning to secrete thymosin |
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| regulates immune response |
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| located in front of the neck, functioning to secrete triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and calcitonin |
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| known as the thyroid hormone; regulates metabolism |
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| known as thyroid hormone; regulates metabolism |
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| regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism |
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| exophthalmos/exophthalmus |
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| protrusion of one or both eyeballs, often because of thyroid dysfunction or a tumor behind the eyeball |
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| shaggy; an excessive growth of hair especially in unusually places |
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| an abnormally high level of calcium in the blood |
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| an abnormally low level of calcium in the blood |
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| abnormally high level of potassium in the blood |
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| deficient levels of potassium in the blood |
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| excessive level of sodium ions in the blood |
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| low levels of sodium in the blood |
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| abnormally increased secretion |
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| ketosis/ketoacidosis/diabetic ketoacidosis |
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| presence of an abnormal amount of ketone bodies in the blood nd urine indicating an abnormal utilization of carbohydrates as seen in uncontrolled diabetes and starvation |
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| all chemical processes in the body that result in growth, generation of energy, elimination of waste, and other body functions |
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| collection of signs and symptoms caused by an excessive level of cortisol hormone from any cause; symptoms include upper body obesity, facial puffiness, hyperglycemia, weakness, thin and easily bruised skin with stria, hypertension, and osteoporosis |
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| excessive output of the adrenal secretion of androgen in adult women owing to tumor or hyperplasia; evidenced by amenorrhea, acne, hirsutism, and deepening of the voice |
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| metabolic disorder caused by an abnormal utilization of insulin secreted by the pancreas; evidenced by hyperglycemia and glucosuria |
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| hormone secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas responsible for regulating the metabolism of glucose |
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| diabetes in which there is no beta cell production of insulin- the patient is dependent on insulin for survival |
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| diabetes in which the body produces insulin, but not enough, or there is insulin resistance (a defective use of the insulin that is produced)- patient not dependent on insulin for survival |
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| condition resulting from an excessive amount of insulin in the blood that draws sugar out of the bloodstream, resulting in hypoglycemia, fainting, and convulsions; often caused by an overdose of insulin or by a tumor of the pancreas |
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| inflammation of the pancreas |
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| hypersecretion of the parathyroid glands, usually caused by a tumor |
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| hyposecretion of the parathyroid glands |
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| pituitary gland (hypophysis) |
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| considered the master gland because it secretes hormones that regulate the function of other glands, such as the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testicles |
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| disease characterized by enlarged features, especially the face and hands, caused by hypersecretion of the pituitary hormone after puberty, when normal bone growth has stopped; most often caused by a pituitary tumor |
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| condition of abnormal increase in urine output most commonly caused by inadequate secretion of pituitary antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin); symptoms include polyuria and polydipsia; urine appears colorless due to the inability of the kidneys to concentrate urine |
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| condition of congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone showing growth and causing a short yet proportionate stature (not affecting intelligence)- often treated during childhood with growth hormone |
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| condition of hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood bone development that leads to an abnormal overgrowth of bone, especially of the long bones; most often caused by pituitary tumor |
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| enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by thyroid dysfunction, tumor, lack of iodine in the diet, or inflammation |
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| hyperthyroidism/Grave's disease/thyrotoxicosis |
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| condition of hypersecretion of the thyroid gland characterized by exophthalmia, tachycardia, goiter, and tumor |
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| condition of hyposecretion of the thyroid gland causing low thyroid levels in the blood that result in sluggishness, slow pulse, and often obesity |
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| advanced hypothyroidism in adults characterized by sluggishness, slow pulse, puffiness in the hands and face, and dry skin |
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| condition of congenital hypothyroidism in children that results in a lack of mental development and dwarfed physical stature; the thyroid gland is either congenitally absent or imperfectly developed |
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| blood sugar/blood glucose |
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| measurement of the level of sugar (glucose) in the blood |
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| measurement of blood sugar level after a fast of 12 hours |
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| measurement of blood sugar level after a meal, commonly after 2 hours |
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| measurement of the body's ability to metabolize carbohydrates by administering a prescribed amount of glucose after a fasting period, then measuring blood and urine for glucose levels every hour thereafter- usually for 4 to 6 hours |
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| molecule (fraction) in hemoglobin that rises in the blood as a result of an increased level of blood sugar; it is a common blood test used in diagnosing and treating diabetes, aka glycosylated hemoglobin |
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| measurement of the level of specific ions in the blood; electrolyte balance is essential for normal metabolism |
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| measurement of thyroid hormone levels in the blood plasma to determine efficiency of glandular secretions, including T3, T4, and TSH |
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| urine sugar and ketone studies |
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| chemical testing to determine the presence of sugar or ketone bodies in the urine; used as a screen for diabetes |
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| nuclear image involving scan of the thyroid to visualize the radioactive accumulation of previously ingested isotopes to detect thyroid nodules or tumors |
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| excision of adrenal gland |
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| excision of pituitary gland |
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| excision of parathyroid gland |
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| excision of thyroid gland |
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| continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion/insulin pump therapy |
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| use of an insulin-delivery device worn on the body (usually the abdomen) that subcutaneously infuses doses of insulin programmed according to the individual needs of the diabetic patient |
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| use of radioactive iodine to treat disease, such as to eradicate thyroid tumor cells |
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| drugs that raise blood sugar |
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| agent that blocks the production of thyroid hormones; used to treat hyperthyroidism |
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| hormone replacement therapy |
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| drug that replaces a hormone deficiency |
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| hypoglycemic/antihyperglycemic |
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| drug that lowers blood glucose |
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| adrenocorticotropic hormone |
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| continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion |
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| follicle-stimulating hormone |
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| melanocyte-stimulating hormone |
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| thyroid stimulating hormone |
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