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| abdomen, abdominal cavity |
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| abdomen, abdominal cavity |
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| a small blind pouch(diverticulum) |
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| a rupture, or protrusion through a weakened membrane or wall(hernia) |
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| abdomen, abdominal cavity |
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| roof of the mouth(palate) |
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| to stretch over(peritoneum) |
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| a greenish fluid produced by liver cells that aids in the digestion of fats in the small intestine |
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| the area of the stomach that receives food from the esophagus; it is named after the heart because it is the part nearest to the heart |
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| the proximal segment of the large intestine, it is short and pouch-like and contains a short, narrow appendage known as the appendix |
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| the largest segment of the large intestine, it extends from the cecum to the rectum and includes the ascending colon, transverse colon, decending colon, and sigmoid colon |
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| the first segment of the small intestine, it receives material from the stomach via the pyloric valve. it also receives pancreatic juice from the pancreas and bile from the liver and gallbladder |
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| the muscular tube that moves food by peristalsis from the pharynx to the stomach |
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| lower esophageal sphincter |
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| a ring-shaped muscle at the border of the esophagus and the stomach; abbreviated LES |
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| the digestive tube extending from the mouth to the anus; abbreviated GI tract, it is also called the alimentary canal |
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| the third segment of the small intestine that delivers digestive waste material to the cecum of the large intestine |
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| the middle segment of the small intestine |
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| the mouth, which receives food for digestion; it contains the palate, tongue, and uvula |
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| the roof of the mouth, including an anterior hard palate and a posterior soft palate |
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| an organ that secretes pancreatic juice(a mixture of digestive enzymes) into the small intestine. it also secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar levels |
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| a serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers most of the abdominal organss |
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| the constricted, distal area of the stomach terminating at the pyloric valve |
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| a ring of muscle that functions as the gatekeeper between the stomach and small intestine by controlling the passage of materials between them |
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| the distal, straight segment of the large intestine; its terminal opening is the anus |
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| a small projection at the posterior end of the soft palate in the oral cavity |
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| digestive waste material, usually solid, released by the process of defecation |
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| the main central area of the stomach |
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| the dome-shaped, lateral portion of the stomach |
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| a sac-like organ behind the liver that stores bile |
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| the segment of GI tract, including the cecum, colon, and rectum, that forms the feces through absorbing water and peristalsis and eliminates the feces by the process of defecation |
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| the large organ at the right side of the abdomen that produces bile and manages the interconversion of nutrients, removal of toxins from the blood, and recycling of red blood cell components |
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| movement of the esophagus and lower GI tract produced by waves of smooth muscle contraction, resulting in propulsion of GI tract contents |
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| the throat, which functions as a passageway for food on its way to the esophagus and air to and from the larynx |
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| three pairs of glands around the mouth that secrete saliva to lubricate food and begin the process of chemical digestion, which include the large parotid glands in the cheeks, the submandibular glands below the jaw, and the sublingual glands below the tongue |
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| a long, twisting tube between the stomach and the large intestine that is the final site of chemical digestion, and is the primary site of nutrient absorption; it includes three segments: the duodenum, jejunum, and the ileum |
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| the J-shaped segment of the GI tract between the esophagus and the small intestine that includes four areas: the cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus; it contains one-celled glands that produce gastric juice, a mixture of HCl, pepsinogen, and mucus to begin the process of protein digestion |
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| the muscular organ at the floor of the mouth, which aids in swallowing and in speech |
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| an accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity; a symptom of liver dysfunction |
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| reduced peristalsis in the large intestine, resulting in infrequent or incomplete defecation |
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| a frequent discharge of watery fecal material which may be caused by an improper diet, but more commonly by infection of virus, bacteria, or protozoa; it can lead to severe dehydration |
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| a condition of gas trapped in the GI tract or released through the anus |
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| excessive levels of the bile pigment, bilirubin, in the blood |
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| a yellowish staining of the skin, sclera of the eyes, and deeper tissues caused by the accumulation of bile pigments in the bloodstream that are normally removed by the liver and thus, a symptom of liver dysfunction; it may also be a symptom of red blood cell destruction |
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| from the Latin and Greek word for seasickness, it is a symptomatic urge to vomit; when accompanied by vomiting, it may be abbreviated N&V |
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| a backward flow of material in the GI tract, or regurgitation |
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| abnormal fat levels in the feces |
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| an abnormal growth connecting two surfaces, which may arise as a complication to healing after surgery |
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| a personality disorder characterized by an extreme aversion to food that results in weight loss and malnourishment |
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| inflammation of the appendix |
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| an eating disorder involving repeated gorging with food that is followed by induced vomiting or laxative abuse; commonly known as "binging and purging" |
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| a tumor originating from a bile duct, usually from within the liver |
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| inflammation of the gallbladder |
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| presence of mineralized masses, called gallstones or stones, in the common bile duct where they block bile flow |
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| generalized condition of gallstones |
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| a chronic, progressive liver disease resulting from hepatic cell failure, which may be caused by chronic alcoholism or viral infection |
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| inflammation of the colon; when the condition is chronic and results in the formation of colonic ulcers, it is called ulcerative colitis, the main symptom of which is severe and sometimes bloody diarrhea |
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| cancer of the colon and rectum, which often originates as a polyp to become an aggressive metastatic tumor |
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| chronic inflammation of any part of the GI tract, most commonly the ileum, that involves small ulcerations of the intestinal wall, resulting in scar tissue formation and intestinal obstruction; also called regional ileitis or regional enteritis, it is usually an inherited condition |
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| inflammation of abnormal small pouches in the wall of the colon(called diverticula) |
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| condition of diverticula in the colon |
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| an ulcer in the wall of the duodenum |
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| severe inflammation of the intestine marked by frequent diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, and dehydration; it is usually caused by infection by bacteria or protozoa |
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| inflammation of the small intestine |
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| inflammation of the esophagus |
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| cancer of the stomach, also called stomach carcinoma |
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| an ulcer in the wall of the stomach |
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| inflammation of the stomach |
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| inflammation of the stomach and small intestine |
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| inflammation of the stomach, small intestine, and colon |
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| gastroesophageal reflux disease |
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| recurring backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus as a result of a weakened lower esophageal sphincter, producing burning pain; abbreviated GERD |
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| softening of the stomach wall |
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| infection of the intestional protozoa Giardia intestinalis or G. lambia, producing symptoms of diarrhea, cramps, nausea, and vomiting |
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| inflammation of the tongue |
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| generalized disease of the tongue |
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| a varicose(swollen) condition of veins in the anus that results in painful swelling |
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| inflammation of the liver |
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| protrusion of part of the stomach upward through an opening in the diaphragm normally penetrated by the esophagus, known as the esophageal hiatus |
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| inflammation of the ileum |
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| an obstruction of the intestine; symptoms include pain, vomiting, and often fever and dehydration |
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| inflammatory bowel disease |
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| a syndrome affecting the intestines and characterized by a wide range of symptoms and conditions, ranging from periodic diarrhea and flatus to ulcerative colitis and Chron's disease; abbreviated IBD |
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| protrusion of a loop of the small intestine through the abdominal wall in the inguinal(groin) region; a direct inguinal hernia occurs among males and is a protrusion into the scrotal cavity |
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| an infolding of a segment of a segment of the intestine within another segment |
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| a chronic disease characterized by periodic disturbances of large intestinal (bowel) function, such as a diarrhea and constipation, without clear physical damage; abbreviated IBS, attacks are characterized by abdominal pain caused by accumulation of gas and intestinal muscle spasms |
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| a lack of the enzyme lactase in the small intestine, producing symptoms of gas production and diarrhea when dairy foods are consumed |
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| inflammation of the palate |
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| inflammation of the pancreas |
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| inflammation of the parotid gland; also called mumps |
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| an erosion in the wall of the stomach(gastric ulcer), duodenum(duodenal ulcer), or any other part of the GI tract that may be exposed to the gastric juice, that is usually due to a reduction of the protective mucus layer; about 80 percent of peptic ulcers are correlated to an infection from Helicobacter pylori |
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| inflammation of the peritoneum |
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| any abnormal mass of tissue that projects outward from a wall; usually a benign growth that may occur in the nose, throat, and intestines |
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| presence of many polyps, usually in the colon or rectum, which poses a high level of risk for malignancy |
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| inflammation of the rectum and anus |
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| protrusion of the rectum, also called proctocele |
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| inflammation of a salivary gland |
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| mineralized object, or stone, in a salivary gland |
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| inflammation of the mouth |
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| a hernia that is constricted, which reduces blood flow to the organ; if early intervention does not occur, the organ may develop gangrene |
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| a protrusion of a loop of the intestine through the abdominal wall in the umbilical region(the area surrounding the umbilicus, or navel) |
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| inflammation of the uvula |
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| a twisting of the intestine that leads to the obstruction |
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| a surgical puncture through the abdominal wall to remove fluid; also called paracentesis |
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| abdominoperineal resection |
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| surgical removal of the colon and rectum that includes entry through both the abdomen and perineum(the area in front of the anus); it includes a colostomy, and is performed to treat colorectal cancer and severe IB, abbreviated A&P resection |
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| surgical repair of the abdomen |
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| surgical repair of the abdomen |
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| a drug that neutralizes stomach acid |
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| a drug that prevents or stops vomiting |
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| a drug that decreases peristalsis in the GI tract to arrest spasm or diarrhea |
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| surgical removal, or excision, of the appendix |
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| an enema containing barium(a contrast medium used for x-ray) administered for a lower GI series diagnostic test; abbreviated BE |
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| drug that stimulates peristalsis of the colon; also called a laxative |
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| incision into the abdominal cavity |
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| x-ray image of the bile ducts between the liver, gallbladder, and duodenum |
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| excision of the gallbladder |
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| x-ray image of the gallbladder, which is used to confirm diagnosis of cholelithiasis |
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| incision into the common bile duct, which is performed to remove one or more obstructive stones |
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| visual examination of the colon, using a colonoscope |
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| surgical creation of an opening into the colon by way of the abdominal wall, which establishes an artificial anus, and may be temporary or permanent as a treatment for cancer, obstructions, or ulcerative colitis |
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| excision of a diverticulum |
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| endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography |
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| endoscopic procedure that includes x-ray fluoroscopy to visualize the ducts of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas; abbreviated ERCP |
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| a diagnostic procedure that combines the use of an endoscope and an ultrasound probe to generate images of the intestinal wall to evaluate tumor progression, abbreviated EUS |
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| esophagogastroduodenoscopy |
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| visual examination of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum with an endoscope; abbreviated EGD |
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| visual examination of the esophagus with an esophagoscope, a specialized form of endoscope |
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| a lab test performed to detect blood in the feces |
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| surgical removal of any part of the stomach, or in extreme cases, the entire organ |
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| a cleansing procedure in which the stomach is rinsed with a saline solution |
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| visual examination of the stomach with a gastroscope, a specialized type of endoscope |
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| surgical creation of a new opening into the stomach |
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| the process of feeding a patient through a tube inserted into the nose that drops into the stomach, called a nasogastric tube |
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| visual examination of the GI tract using an endoscope, which includes a camera, fiber optics, and long flexible tube; endoscopic procedures used in GI tract diagnostics(each using slight variations of endoscopes) include colonoscopy, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, proctoscopy, and sigmoidoscopy |
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| surgical removal of diseased tissue in the gums |
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| excision of approximately one-half of the colon |
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| surgical repair of a hernia |
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| surgical opening through the abdominal wall and into the ileum, to establish a secondary anus for the passage of feces |
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| visual examination of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope, which often replaces open abdominal surgery(laparotomy) when an invasive procedure should be avoided |
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| incision into the abdomen |
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| surgical repair of the palate, usually as a treatment for cleft palate, an inherited defect |
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| visual examination of the rectum with a proctoscope, a special type of endoscope |
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| surgical repair of the pylorus region of the stomach or the pyloric valve |
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| visual examination of the sigmoid colon with a sigmoidoscope, specialized type of endoscope |
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| stool culture and sensitivity |
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| collection of a fecal(stool) sample and growth of microorganisms from it in a culture to identify a pathogenic cause of disease |
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| diagnostic x-ray images of the stomach and duodenum following the administration of barium as a radiopaque contrast medium; abbreviated UGI |
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| uvulopalatopharyngoplasty |
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| surgical repair of uvula, palate, and pharynx, which is usually performed to correct obstructive sleep apnea; abbreviated UPPP |
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| surgical dissection of branches of the vagus nerve, which innervates much of the GI tract; it is performed to reduce gastric juice secretion to treat chronic gastric ulcers |
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