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| -Good, normal Example: Euthyroid: A state in which the thyroid gland functions normally, producing the right levels of thyroid hormones necessary for metabolism and growth. |
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| : Above, excessive Example: Hyperthyroidism: A condition in which the thyroid gland produces excessive thyroid hormones, leading to symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, weight loss, and nervousness. |
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- Below, under, deficient Example: Hypoglycemia: A condition characterized by abnormally low blood sugar levels, often causing symptoms such as dizziness, shakiness, and confusion.
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- Rapid, sharp, acid Example: Oxytocin: A hormone released by the pituitary gland that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and the release of milk during breastfeeding.
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| : All, total Example: Panhypopituitarism: A condition in which the pituitary gland fails to produce or secretes all of its hormones, leading to a wide range of endocrine dysfunctions |
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- : Around, beside, beyond, abnormal Example: Parathyroid: Small glands located beside the thyroid gland, responsible for regulating calcium levels in the blood and bone metabolism.
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- Many or much Example: Polyuria: Excessive urination, a common symptom of diabetes mellitus due to high blood sugar levels affecting kidney function.
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- Joined, together Example: Synergistic hormones: Hormones that work together to amplify their effects, such as insulin and growth hormone in promoting cell growth.
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| -: Four; Example: Tetralogy of Fallot: A condition involving four congenital heart defects that may indirectly affect endocrine function due to oxygenation issues. |
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| Three Example: Triiodothyronine (T3): A thyroid hormone that contains three iodine atoms and plays a critical role in regulating metabolism and energy levels. |
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- : Run, running together Example: Syndrome: A group of symptoms or signs that occur together, such as Cushing’s syndrome, which results from excessive cortisol production by the adrenal glands.
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| : Excision, cut out Example: Thyroidectomy: Surgical removal of the thyroid gland, often performed to treat conditions such as hyperthyroidism, thyroid cancer, or goiters. |
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| : Condition of the blood Example: Hyperglycemia: High levels of glucose in the blood, commonly associated with diabetes mellitus and requiring careful monitoring and management. |
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| : State of Example: Hypothyroidism: A state of underactive thyroid function, resulting in reduced production of thyroid hormones and symptoms like fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance. |
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| - Inflammation Example: Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland, which may result from autoimmune conditions like Hashimoto's thyroiditis or infections. |
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| : Specialist who studies and treats Example: Endocrinologist: A medical specialist who studies and treats disorders of the endocrine system, such as diabetes, thyroid diseases, and hormonal imbalances. |
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| Study of Example: Endocrinology: The study of the endocrine system, including the glands, hormones, and their related diseases |
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| Enlarged, enlargement Example: Acromegaly: Abnormal enlargement of extremities caused by excessive growth hormone secretion from the pituitary gland in adulthood |
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| Resembling Example: Adrenoid: Resembling the adrenal glands in shape or function, possibly used in anatomical studies or to describe tissue with adrenal-like characteristics |
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| : Tumor Example: Insulinoma: A tumor of the pancreas that produces excessive amounts of insulin, often leading to episodes of hypoglycemia. |
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| Disease Example: Adenopathy: A disease or enlargement of glandular tissue, such as in swollen lymph nodes or glandular dysfunction in the endocrine system. |
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- Condition of, formation, development, growth Example: Hyperplasia: Excessive growth or formation of cells within an endocrine gland, such as adrenal hyperplasia, which can affect hormone production.
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| Incision, cut into Example: Adrenalotomy: A surgical incision into the adrenal gland, often performed to remove a tumor or investigate gland abnormalities. |
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Pertaining to Example: Renal – Pertaining to the kidneys, as in renal function, which refers to how well the kidneys filter waste from the blood. |
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| Pertaining to Example: Urinary – Pertaining to urine or the urinary system, such as in urinary tract infection (UTI), which affects the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra. |
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| Hernia, protrusion Example: Cystocele – A herniation of the bladder into the vaginal wall, often caused by weakened pelvic muscles. |
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| In the blood Example: Uremia – A buildup of urea and other waste products in the blood due to kidney dysfunction, often requiring dialysis or kidney transplantation. |
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| Condition Example: Diuresis – A condition of increased or excessive production of urine, often induced by medications like diuretics. |
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| The recorded radiographic image Example: Urogram – A radiographic image of the urinary tract, used to identify blockages, stones, or other abnormalities. |
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| Instrument used to record Example: Cystograph – An instrument used to record images of the bladder, often during a cystography procedure. |
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| Process of recording, radiographic imaging Example: Pyelography – The process of obtaining X-ray images of the renal pelvis and ureters, often using contrast dye. |
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| Condition Example: Nephrolithiasis – A condition characterized by the presence of kidney stones, which can cause pain and urinary obstruction. |
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- Inflammation Example: Cystitis – Inflammation of the bladder, often caused by bacterial infections and characterized by pain and frequent urination.
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Stone Example: Urolith – A stone in the urinary tract, which may form in the kidneys, bladder, or ureters. |
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| Loosening, dissolution, separating Example: Hemodialysis – A procedure that separates waste products from the blood when the kidneys are unable to perform this function. |
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| Enlarged, enlargement Example: Nephromegaly – Enlargement of the kidneys, which may occur due to hydronephrosis or other conditions affecting the renal system |
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| Tumor, swelling Example: Nephroma – A tumor of the kidney, which may be benign or malignant. |
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- - Abnormal condition Example: Hydronephrosis – An abnormal condition characterized by the swelling of the kidney due to a buildup of urine.
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| Surgical fixation, suspension Example: Nephropexy – Surgical fixation of a floating or mobile kidney to its normal anatomical position. |
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- Surgical fixation, suspension Example: Nephropexy – Surgical fixation of a floating or mobile kidney to its normal anatomical position.
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- : Drooping, sagging, prolapse Example: Nephroptosis – Drooping or displacement of the kidney, which may cause urinary obstruction or pain.
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| -: Suturing, repairing Example: Cystorrhaphy – Surgical suturing of the bladder, often performed to repair tears or injuries |
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| Instrument used for visual examination Example: Cystoscope – An instrument used to visually examine the bladder and urethra during a cystoscopy |
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- : Pertaining to visual examination Example: Urethroscopic – Pertaining to the visual examination of the urethra, often to diagnose strictures or obstructions.
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| Visual examination Example: Cystoscopy – The visual examination of the bladder and urethra using a cystoscope to identify abnormalities or perform treatments. |
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