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med 109 Ms. Sanchez
Digestive and Urinary
138
Other
Not Applicable
11/11/2025
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Term
dys- 
 Definition
 Painful, abnormal, difficult, labored Example: Dyspepsia – Difficult or painful digestion, often referred to as indigestion, characterized by symptoms like bloating, nausea, or heartburn.
Term
endo- 
 Definition
 Within, in Example: Endogastric – A term referring to something occurring within the stomach, such as an endogastric procedure that involves accessing the interior of the stomach for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.
Term
hemi- 
 Definition
Half Example: Hemigastrectomy – Surgical removal of half of the stomach, typically performed to treat severe ulcers or stomach cancer
Term
hyper- 
 Definition
 Excessive or above normal Example: Hypergastrinemia – A condition involving excessive levels of gastrin (a digestive hormone) in the blood, which can lead to overproduction of stomach acid and conditions like Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
Term
hypo- 
 Definition
 Below normal or deficient Example: Hypoglycemia – A condition characterized by abnormally low blood sugar levels, often causing symptoms like dizziness, weakness, and confusion, and requiring prompt treatment with glucose.
Term
mal- 
 Definition
 Bad or poor Example: Malabsorption – Poor absorption of nutrients in the digestive tract, which can result from conditions like celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, or chronic pancreatitis, leading to malnutrition.
Term
para- 
 Definition
 Beside, near, or abnormal Example: Paracolitis – Inflammation occurring near or adjacent to the colon, often associated with diverticulitis or infections.
Term
peri-
 Definition
Around or surrounding Example: Perigastric – Pertaining to the area around the stomach, often used to describe inflammation, abscesses, or surgical observations in this region.
Term
sub- 
 Definition
 Under, below Example: Sublingual – Situated under the tongue, often referring to medications that dissolve beneath the tongue for quick absorption.
Term
trans- 
 Definition
Across or through Example: Transgastric – Referring to procedures or conditions that occur through the stomach, such as a transgastric endoscopic procedure used for accessing abdominal organs.
Term
-ac
 Definition
Pertaining to Example: Celiac – Pertaining to the abdomen, often used in conditions like celiac disease, an autoimmune disorder where the ingestion of gluten damages the small intestine.
Term
-al 
 Definition
Pertaining to Example: Colorectal – Pertaining to the colon and rectum, often used in the context of colorectal cancer or surgeries.
Term
-cele 
 Definition
Hernia, protrusion Example: Gastrocele – A hernia of the stomach, often resulting from a weakness in the diaphragm or abdominal wall.
Term
-centesis 
 Definition
Surgical puncture to aspirate fluid Example: Paracentesis – A procedure involving the surgical puncture of the abdomen to remove excess fluid, commonly performed in cases of ascites.
Term
-eal 
 Definition
Pertaining to Example: Esophageal – Pertaining to the esophagus, such as in esophageal reflux, where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus.
Term
-ectomy 
 Definition
 Excision Example: Appendectomy – Surgical removal of the appendix, often performed in cases of appendicitis.
Term
-gram 
 Definition
The record, radiographic image Example: Cholangiogram – A radiographic image of the bile ducts obtained using contrast material, often performed during Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) to assess blockages or other abnormalities in the bile ducts.
Term
-graphy 
 Definition
 Process of recording Example: Electrogastrography – The process of recording the electrical activity of the stomach to assess its motility and function, often used to diagnose conditions like gastroparesis or dyspepsia.
Term
-ia 
 Definition
Condition of, diseased state, abnormal state Example: Dyspepsia – A condition of impaired digestion, often characterized by bloating, discomfort, and nausea.
Term
-iasis 
 Definition
 Condition Example: Cholelithiasis – A condition involving the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder, which can cause pain and blockages.
Term
-ic 
 Definition
Pertaining to Example: Hepatic – Pertaining to the liver, as in hepatic function tests, which evaluate liver health.
Term
-itis 
 Definition
Inflammation Example: Gastritis – Inflammation of the stomach lining, often caused by infections, medications, or alcohol use.
Term
-logist 
 Definition
Specialist who studies and treats Example: Gastroenterologist – A specialist who diagnoses and treats disorders of the digestive system, including the stomach, intestines, and liver.
Term
-logy 
 Definition
Study of Example: Hepatology – The study of the liver, including diseases such as hepatitis and cirrhosis.
Term
-malacia 
 Definition
Softening Example: Esophagomalacia – Softening of the esophageal walls, often caused by chronic acid reflux (GERD), prolonged inflammation, or structural weakness, which may lead to difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) or esophageal collapse.
Term
-megaly 
 Definition
 Enlargement Example: Hepatomegaly – Enlargement of the liver, which can occur in conditions like fatty liver disease or hepatitis.
Term
-oma 
 Definition
  •  Tumor Example: Gastrinoma – A tumor that secretes gastrin, often associated with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, leading to excessive stomach acid production.
Term
-osis 
 Definition
Abnormal condition Example: Diverticulosis – A condition where small pouches form in the colon wall, which can become inflamed (diverticulitis).
Term
-pathy 
 Definition
 Disease Example: Gastropathy – A disease of the stomach, often referring to damage caused by chronic use of NSAIDs or alcohol.
Term
-phagia 
 Definition
Eating or swallowing Example: Dysphagia – Difficulty swallowing, which can result from conditions affecting the esophagus or nervous system.
Term
-plasty 
 Definition
Surgical repair Example: Pyloroplasty – Surgical repair or widening of the pyloric sphincter to improve the passage of food from the stomach to the small intestine.
Term
-ptosis 
 Definition
Suturing, repairing Example: Herniorrhaphy – Surgical repair of a hernia, often performed to reinforce the abdominal wall.
Term
-rrhea 
 Definition
Flow, discharge Example: Diarrhea – Frequent, watery bowel movements, often caused by infections, medications, or food intolerances.
Term
-scope 
 Definition
 Instrument used for visualization Example: Colonoscope – An instrument used to visualize the interior of the colon during a colonoscopy.
Term
-scopy 
 Definition
 Process of viewing, visualization Example: Endoscopy – The process of visualizing the digestive tract using a flexible tube with a camera.
Term
-stomy 
 Definition
 Creation of an artificial opening Example: Colostomy – A surgical procedure to create an opening from the colon to the abdominal surface for waste elimination.
Term
-tomy 
 Definition
 Incision, cut into Example: Laparotomy – A surgical incision into the abdominal cavity, often performed to diagnose or treat abdominal conditions.
Term
abdomin/o 
 Definition
 Abdomen, abdominal Example: Abdominoplasty – Surgical repair or reconstruction of the abdomen, often referred to as a "tummy tuck."
Term
an/o 
 Definition
Anus Example: Anoplasty – Surgical repair of the anus, often performed to treat congenital defects or damage caused by trauma.
Term
antr/o 
 Definition
 Antrum Example: Antrectomy – Surgical removal of the antrum, a part of the stomach, often done to treat ulcers or cancer.
Term
append/o
 Definition
 Appendix Example: Appendectomy – Surgical removal of the appendix, typically performed in cases of appendicitis.
Term
appendic/o 
 Definition
Appendix Example: Appendicitis – Inflammation of the appendix, often causing abdominal pain and requiring surgical intervention.
Term
cec/o
 Definition
 Cecum Example: Cecopexy – Surgical fixation of the cecum, often performed to correct volvulus (twisting of the bowel).
Term
celi/o
 Definition
 Abdomen, abdominal cavity Example: Celiotomy – Surgical incision into the abdominal cavity, often performed to explore or treat abdominal conditions.
Term
cheil/o
 Definition
Lip Example: Cheilitis – Inflammation of the lips, often caused by irritation, infection, or nutritional deficiencies.
Term
chol/e
 Definition
Gall, bile Example: Cholecystitis – Inflammation of the gallbladder, commonly caused by gallstones blocking the bile ducts.
Term
choledoch/o
 Definition
Common bile duct Example: Choledocholithiasis – The presence of stones in the common bile duct, often requiring removal to restore bile flow.
Term
col/o, colon/o
 Definition
Colon Example: Colitis – Inflammation of the colon, which can cause symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and cramping.
Term
enter/o
 Definition
Intestine Example: Enteritis – Inflammation of the intestines, often caused by infection or irritants.
Term
esophag/o
 Definition
 Esophagus Example: Esophagitis – Inflammation of the esophagus, often resulting from acid reflux or infections.
Term
gastr/o
 Definition
 Stomach Example: Gastrectomy – Surgical removal of part or all of the stomach, typically to treat ulcers, cancer, or severe obesity.
Term
gingiv/o
 Definition
 Gum Example: Gingivitis – Inflammation of the gums, often caused by poor oral hygiene or bacterial infection.
Term
gloss/o
 Definition
Tongue Example: Glossitis is inflammation of the tongue that can cause swelling, redness, and pain. It is often caused by infections or nutritional deficiencies.
Term
hepat/o
 Definition
 Liver Example: Hepatomegaly – Enlargement of the liver, often caused by infections, fatty liver disease, or cancer.
Term
herni/o
 Definition
 Hernia, protrusion of an organ through a membrane or cavity wall Example: Herniorrhaphy – Surgical repair of a hernia to reposition the protruding organ and strengthen the surrounding tissue.
Term
lapar/o
 Definition
 Abdomen, abdominal cavity Example: Laparoscopy – A minimally invasive surgical procedure used to view and treat abdominal or pelvic conditions.
Term
lingu/o
 Definition
Tongue Example: Sublingual – Situated under the tongue, often referring to the administration of medications for rapid absorption.
Term
or/o
 Definition
Mouth Example: Oral – Pertaining to the mouth, such as in oral hygiene practices.
Term
palat/o
 Definition
Palate Example: Palatoplasty – Surgical repair of the palate, often performed to correct cleft palate deformities.
Term
pancreat/o
 Definition
Pancreas Example: Pancreatitis – Inflammation of the pancreas, often caused by gallstones or excessive alcohol consumption.
Term
peritone/o
 Definition
 Peritoneum Example: Peritonitis – Inflammation of the peritoneum, the membrane lining the abdominal cavity, often caused by infection or perforation.
Term
polyp/o
 Definition
 Polyp, small growth Example: Polypectomy – Surgical removal of a polyp, often performed during a colonoscopy to prevent cancer development.
Term
proct/o
 Definition
 Rectum Example: Proctitis – Inflammation of the rectum, which can cause discomfort, bleeding, and urgency.
Term
pylor/o
 Definition
 Pylorus, pyloric sphincter Example: Pyloroplasty – Surgical repair of the pyloric sphincter to improve food passage from the stomach to the small intestine.
Term
rect/o
 Definition
 Rectum Example: Rectocele – A bulging of the rectum into the vaginal wall, often caused by weakening of pelvic floor muscles.
Term
sial/o
 Definition
 Saliva, salivary gland Example: Sialadenitis – Inflammation of a salivary gland, often caused by bacterial infections or blockages
Term
steat/o
 Definition
 Fat Example: Steatorrhea – Excess fat in stool, often a sign of malabsorption disorders like celiac disease or chronic pancreatitis.
Term
stomat/o
 Definition
 Mouth Example: Stomatitis – Inflammation of the mouth, which can result from infections, irritants, or systemic diseases
Term
uvul/o
 Definition
Uvula Example: Uvulectomy – Surgical removal of the uvula, often performed to treat snoring or sleep apnea.
Term
xer/o
 Definition
Dryness Example: Xerostomia – Dryness of the mouth caused by reduced saliva production, often associated with certain medications or medical conditions.
Term

BMI = Body Mass Index

 Definition
  • A measurement of body fat based on height and weight, used to assess whether an individual is underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese.
Term

EGD = Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

 Definition
  • A diagnostic procedure in which a flexible endoscope is used to examine the esophagus, stomach, and upper part of the small intestine (duodenum).
Term

FTT = Failure to Thrive

 Definition
  • A condition in infants or children characterized by insufficient weight gain or growth, often caused by inadequate nutrition or underlying medical conditions.
Term

GERD = Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

 Definition
  • A chronic condition in which stomach acid or bile flows back into the esophagus, causing symptoms such as heartburn, regurgitation, and difficulty swallowing.
Term

GI = Gastrointestinal

 Definition
  • Referring to the digestive system, which includes the stomach, intestines, and associated organs involved in digestion and nutrient absorption.
Term

IH = Inguinal Hernia

 Definition
  • A condition in which a portion of the intestine or abdominal tissue protrudes through a weak spot in the inguinal canal, causing a bulge in the groin.
Term

IBD = Inflammatory Bowel Disease

 Definition
  • A group of chronic inflammatory conditions affecting the gastrointestinal tract, primarily including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.
Term

IBS = Irritable Bowel Syndrome

 Definition
  • A common functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits (constipation, diarrhea, or both).
Term

NG Tube = Nasogastric Tube

 Definition
  • A tube inserted through the nose into the stomach, used for feeding, administering medications, or draining stomach contents.
Term

NAFLD = Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

 Definition
  • A condition characterized by excess fat accumulation in the liver not caused by alcohol consumption, often associated with obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome.
Term

PUD = Peptic Ulcer Disease

 Definition
  • A condition characterized by open sores or ulcers in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, often caused by Helicobacter pylori infection or the use of NSAIDs.
Term

PN = Parenteral Nutrition

 Definition
  • A method of providing nutrition intravenously, bypassing the digestive tract, often used in patients with severe gastrointestinal conditions or after surgery.
Term

UC = Ulcerative Colitis

 Definition
  • A form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes chronic inflammation and ulcers in the colon and rectum, leading to symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and rectal bleeding.
Term

Brunner’s Glands

 Definition
  • Named After: Johann Conrad Brunner, a Swiss anatomist. Glands in the duodenum that secrete alkaline mucus to protect the intestinal lining. These glands help neutralize stomach acid in the small intestine, playing a key role in preventing damage to the intestinal mucosa.
Term

Crohn’s Disease

 Definition
  • Named After: Burrill Crohn, an American gastroenterologist.
  • A chronic inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract, often affecting the ileum and colon. Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and malnutrition. It is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
Term

Gilbert’s Syndrome

 Definition
  • Named After: Augustin Nicolas Gilbert, a French physician.
  • A hereditary liver disorder resulting in mildly elevated bilirubin levels, typically without significant symptoms. It is often detected incidentally during routine blood tests and is usually benign.
Term
Whipple Procedure
 Definition
  • Named After: Allen Whipple, an American surgeon.
Term
An- / A-
 Definition
 Without, lack of Example: Anuria – The absence of urine production, often indicating kidney failure or severe dehydration, requiring immediate medical evaluation and treatment.
Term
Dia-
 Definition
 Through, complete Example: Dialysis is a medical procedure that removes waste products and excess fluid from the blood when the kidneys can no longer function properly.
Term
Dys-
 Definition
Difficult, painful, or abnormal Example: Dysuria – Painful or difficult urination, often caused by urinary tract infections (UTIs), kidney stones, or other underlying conditions.
Term
Hyper-
 Definition
 Excessive, above normal Example: Hyperuricemia – Excessive levels of uric acid in the blood, which can lead to conditions such as gout or kidney stones if untreated.
Term
Hypo-
 Definition
 Below normal, deficient Example: Hyposthenuria – The excretion of excessively dilute urine due to the kidneys' inability to concentrate it properly, often associated with conditions like diabetes insipidus or chronic kidney disease.
Term
Poly-
 Definition
 Many, excessive Example: Polyuria – Excessive urine output, commonly associated with conditions like diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus, often leading to dehydration if untreated.
Term
Noct-
 Definition
Night Example: Nocturia – Frequent urination at night, which can disrupt sleep and may result from conditions like overactive bladder, urinary tract infections, or heart failure.
Term
Oligo-
 Definition
 Few or scanty Example: Oliguria – Scanty urine output, often a sign of kidney dysfunction, dehydration, or shock, requiring urgent medical attention.
Term
-al
 Definition
Pertaining to Example: Renal – Pertaining to the kidneys, as in renal function, which refers to how well the kidneys filter waste from the blood.
Term
-ary
 Definition
Pertaining to Example: Urinary – Pertaining to urine or the urinary system, such as in urinary tract infection (UTI), which affects the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra.
Term
-cele
 Definition
 Hernia, protrusion Example: Cystocele – A herniation of the bladder into the vaginal wall, often caused by weakened pelvic muscles.
Term
-emia
 Definition
In the blood Example: Uremia – A buildup of urea and other waste products in the blood due to kidney dysfunction, often requiring dialysis or kidney transplantation.
Term
-esis
 Definition
Condition Example: Diuresis – A condition of increased or excessive production of urine, often induced by medications like diuretics.
Term
-gram
 Definition
 The recorded radiographic image Example: Urogram – A radiographic image of the urinary tract, used to identify blockages, stones, or other abnormalities.
Term
-graph
 Definition
 Instrument used to record Example: Cystograph – An instrument used to record images of the bladder, often during a cystography procedure.
Term
-graphy
 Definition
Process of recording, radiographic imaging Example: Pyelography – The process of obtaining X-ray images of the renal pelvis and ureters, often using contrast dye.
Term
-iasis
 Definition
Condition Example: Nephrolithiasis – A condition characterized by the presence of kidney stones, which can cause pain and urinary obstruction.
Term
-itis
 Definition
 Inflammation Example: Cystitis – Inflammation of the bladder, often caused by bacterial infections and characterized by pain and frequent urination.
Term
-lith
 Definition
Stone Example: Urolith – A stone in the urinary tract, which may form in the kidneys, bladder, or ureters.
Term
-lysis
 Definition
Loosening, dissolution, separating Example: Hemodialysis – A procedure that separates waste products from the blood when the kidneys are unable to perform this function.
Term
-megaly
 Definition
 Enlarged, enlargement Example: Nephromegaly – Enlargement of the kidneys, which may occur due to hydronephrosis or other conditions affecting the renal system.
Term
-oma
 Definition
 Tumor, swelling Example: Nephroma – A tumor of the kidney, which may be benign or malignant.
Term
-osis
 Definition
Abnormal condition Example: Hydronephrosis – An abnormal condition characterized by the swelling of the kidney due to a buildup of urine.
Term
-pexy
 Definition
 Surgical fixation, suspension Example: Nephropexy – Surgical fixation of a floating or mobile kidney to its normal anatomical position.
Term
-ptosis
 Definition
 Drooping, sagging, prolapse Example: Nephroptosis – Drooping or displacement of the kidney, which may cause urinary obstruction or pain.
Term
-rrhaphy
 Definition
 Suturing, repairing Example: Cystorrhaphy – Surgical suturing of the bladder, often performed to repair tears or injuries.
Term
-scope
 Definition
 Instrument used for visual examination Example: Cystoscope – An instrument used to visually examine the bladder and urethra during a cystoscopy.
Term
-scopic
 Definition
 Pertaining to visual examination Example: Urethroscopic – Pertaining to the visual examination of the urethra, often to diagnose strictures or obstructions.
Term
-scopy
 Definition
 Visual examination Example: Cystoscopy – The visual examination of the bladder and urethra using a cystoscope to identify abnormalities or perform treatments.
Term
-stomy
 Definition
Creation of an artificial opening Example: Urostomy – A surgical procedure creating an artificial opening in the abdominal wall to divert urine from the bladder.
Term
-tomy
 Definition
 Cut into, incision Example: Nephrotomy – A surgical incision into the kidney, often performed to remove kidney stones or treat other abnormalities.
Term
-tripsy
 Definition
Surgical crushing Example: Lithotripsy – A procedure that uses shock waves to crush kidney stones into smaller pieces for easier passage through the urinary tract.
Term
-tripsy
 Definition
Surgical crushing Example: Lithotripsy – A procedure that uses shock waves to crush kidney stones into smaller pieces for easier passage through the urinary tract.
Term
-uria
 Definition
 Urine, urination Example: Hematuria – The presence of blood in the urine, often indicating infections, stones, or more serious conditions like bladder cancer.
Term
albumin/o
 Definition
Albumin Example: Albuminuria – The presence of albumin (a type of protein) in the urine, often a sign of kidney damage or disease, such as nephrotic syndrome.
Term
azot/o
 Definition
 Urea, nitrogen Example: Azotemia – An elevated level of urea and other nitrogenous waste products in the blood, typically resulting from kidney dysfunction.
Term
blast/o
 Definition
 Developing cell, germ cell Example: Nephroblastoma – A cancerous tumor of the kidney that arises from immature kidney cells, also known as Wilms tumor, commonly found in children
Term
cyst/o
 Definition
 Bladder, sac Example: Cystitis – Inflammation of the urinary bladder, often caused by bacterial infection, leading to frequent and painful urination.
Term
glomerul/o
 Definition
Glomerulus Example: Glomerulonephritis – Inflammation of the glomeruli, the tiny filtering units in the kidneys, which can lead to kidney dysfunction or failure.
Term
glyc/o, glycos/o
 Definition
Sugar Example: Hyperglycosuria – Excess sugar in the urine, commonly associated with uncontrolled diabetes or kidney filtration issues.
Term
hydr/o
 Definition
Water Example: Hydronephrosis – The swelling of a kidney due to a buildup of urine caused by obstruction in the urinary tract.
Term
lith/o
 Definition
 Stone, calculus Example: Nephrolithiasis – The formation or presence of kidney stones, often causing severe pain and urinary obstruction.
Term
nephr/o
 Definition
Kidney Example: Nephrectomy – Surgical removal of a kidney, often performed due to cancer, trauma, or severe infection.
Term
noct/o
 Definition
  • Night Example: Nocturnal Enuresis – Involuntary urination during sleep, commonly known as bedwetting. This condition is most often seen in children, but it can also occur in adults due to medical issues such as diabetes, bladder dysfunction, or neurological disorders.
Term
py/o
 Definition
Pus Example: Pyuria – The presence of pus in the urine, indicating a urinary tract infection or kidney infection.
Term
pyel/o
 Definition
Renal pelvis Example: Pyelitis – Inflammation of the renal pelvis, often caused by bacterial infections ascending from the bladder
Term
ren/o
 Definition
Kidney Example: Renal failure – The inability of the kidneys to filter waste products and balance fluids and electrolytes in the body.
Term
ur/o, urin/o
 Definition
Urine, urinary tract Example: Urology – The branch of medicine focused on the study and treatment of urinary tract diseases and disorders.
Term
ureter/o
 Definition
 Ureter Example: Ureteroplasty – Surgical repair of a ureter to correct blockages or structural abnormalities.
Term
urethr/o
 Definition
Urethra Example: Urethritis – Inflammation of the urethra, often caused by bacterial infection or sexually transmitted infections
Term
vesic/o
 Definition
 Bladder, sac Example: Vesicoureteral reflux – A condition where urine flows backward from the bladder into the ureters, increasing the risk of kidney infections and damage.
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