Endocrine & Reproductive 

Prefixes 

1: eu- 

Good

Ex: Euthyroid - a state in which the thyroid glands functions normally, producing the right levels of thyroid hormones necessary for metabolism

2: hyper- 

Above, excessive 

Ex: Hyperthyroidism- condition in which thyroid gland produces excessive thyroid hormones, leading to symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, weightloss and nervousness

3: hypo-

Below, under, deficient 

Ex: Hypoglycemia- condition characterized by abnormally low blood sugar, causing dizziness, shaking, and confusion.

4: oxy- 

Rapid, sharp, acid 

Ex: Oxytocin- a hormone released by the pituiltary gland that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and release of milk during breastfeeding

5: pan-

All,total 

Ex: Panhypopituiarism- condition in which the pituitary gland fails to produce or secrete all of its hormones 

6: Para-

Around, beside, beyond, abnormal

Ex: Parathyroid- small glands located besides the thyroid gland, responsible for regulating calcium levels in blood and blood metabolism

7: poly-

Many, or much

Ex: Polyuria- excessive urination, common symptom of diabetes mellitus due to high blood sugar levels affecting kidney function

8: syn-

Joined, together

Ex: Synergistic hormones - hormones that work together to amplify their effects, such as insulin and growth hormone in promotion cell growth 

9: tetr- 

Four

Ex: Tetralogy of fallout- a condition involving four congenital heart defects that may indirectly affect endocrine function due to oxygenation issues

10: tri- 

Three

Ex: Triiodothyronine- thyroid hormone that contains three iodine atoms and plays critical role in regulating metabolism and energy levels

11: a-

Absence of, without

Ex: Azoospermia- absence of sperm in semen, which can cause male infertility and may result from blockages or testicular failure

12: an-

Absence of, without

Ex: Anovulation- absence of ovulation, often leading to infertillity and irregular menstrual cycles, commonly caused by hormonal imbalances or PCOS 

13: dys- 

Painful, difficult

Ex: Dysmenorrhea- painful menstrual cramps, often caused by uterine contractions, or underlying conditions like endometrisiois

14: endo- 

Within 

Ex: Endometritis- inflammation of the inner lining of the uterus, often caused by infection or retained tissue after childbirth or miscarriage

15: epi-

Above

Ex: Epidural- pertaining to area upon or above the dura mater of the spinal cord, commonly referencing to a type of anaesthesia used during childbirth to provide pain relief while staying counscious

16: hyper-

Above, excessive

Ex: Hypergonadism- condition charactrized by excessive activity of the gonads, leading to overproduction of sex hormones

17: Hypo-

Below

Ex: Hypogonadism- reduced function of the gonads, ( testes or ovaries) , leading to decreased hormone production and issues like infertility or delyed puberty

18: oligo-

Small amount

Ex: Oligospermia- condition characterized by a low sperm count in semen

19: par-

Near

Ex: Parovarian cyst- fluid filled cyst near the ovary, usually arising from remnants of embryonic structures

20: peri-

Surrounding 

Ex: Perimetrium- outermost layer of the uterus, surrounding the uterine wall and providing structural support

21: trans-

Through, across, beyond

Ex: Transvaginal ultrasound- imaging procedure where probe is inserted through vaginal canal to obtain detailed images of reproductive organs

Endocrine & Reproductive 

Suffixes

1: -al

Pertaining to

Ex: Vaginal- Pertaining to the vagina, as in vaginal delivery, which refers to childbirth

2: -algia

Pain

Ex: Orchidalgia- pain in one or both testicals. Pain can vary from mild discomfort to severe. 

3: -ar

Pertaining to

Ex: Seminiferous- pertaining to the production of semen, such as seminiferous tubules found in testes

4: -atresia

Occlusion, closure

Ex: Vaginal atresia- Congenital closure or absence of vaginal canal 

5: -cision

Process of cutting

Ex: Incision- surgical cut made during procedures, such as cesarean section

6: -cleisis

Surgical closure 

Ex: Colpocleisis- surgical closure of the vaginal canal, often performed to treat uterine prolaspse in elderly patients 

7: -ectomy

Excision or surgical removal 

Ex: Hysterectomy- surgical removal of the uterus, commonly performed to treat fibroids, cancer or severe uterine bleeding

8: -genesis 

Beginning, development or

production

Ex: Spermatogenesis- production and development of sperm in the testes

9: -gram

Record 

Ex: Hysterosalpingogram- radiographic image of the uterus and fallopian tubes, used to assess fertility to detect blockages

10: -graphy

Process of recording

Ex: Mammography - process of obtaining x ray images of the breasts to screen for abnormalities such as tumors

11: -ia

Diseased state, abnormal state, 

condition of

Ex: Amenorrhea- absence of menstrual periods, which result from hormonal imbalances 

12: -ic

Pertaining to

Ex: Pelvic - pertaining to pelvis, as in pelvic inflammatory disease, an infection to reproductive organs 

13: -ism 

State of, condition 

Ex: Cryptorchidism- condition where one or both testicals fail to descend into the scrotum

14: -itis 

Inflammation 

Ex: Endometritis- inflammation of the inner lining of the uterus 

15: -logy 

Study of

Ex: Gynecology- study of the female reproductive system, including disorders and diseases 

16: -lysis

Loosening, dissolution

separating 

Ex: Adhesiolysis - surgical removal of adheasions, which are bands of scar tissue that can form in pelvic region

17: -oma

Tumor, mass

Ex: Teratoma- type of tumor composed of tissue from diffrent germ layers, often found in the ovaries or testes

18: -ous

Pertaining to

Ex: Gravidous- Pertaining to pregnancy, often terms like multigravidous (multiple pregnancies)

19: -pathy

Disease 

Ex: Endometriopathy - disease of the endometrium, which may lead to abnormal uterine bleeding or infertility

20: -pexy

Surgical fixation, suspension

Ex: Oophoropexy- surgical fixation of an ovary, performed to prevent ovarian torsion

21: -plasia

Development, growth

Ex: Hyperplasia- excessive growth of cells, such as endometrial hyperplasia

22: -plasty

Surgical repair 

Ex: Vaginoplasty- surgical repair of the vagina , often performed for congenital abnormalities ui

23: -rrhagia 

Rapid flow of blood

Ex: Menorrhagia- excessive or prolonged menstrual bleeding 

24: -rrhaphy 

Suturing, repairing 

Ex: Leukorrhea- white or yellowish vaginal discharge, often performed after childbirth to repair tears

25: -stomy 

Creation of new opening 

Ex: Colpostomy- surgical creation of an opening in the vaginal wall to drain fluid or provide access for treatment 

26: -tomy

Cut into, incision 

Ex: Episitomy- surgical incision made in the perineum to enlarge the vaginal opening during childbirth

27: -drome 

Run, running together 

Ex: Syndrome- A group of symptoms or signs that occur together, such as cushings syndrome, results from excessive cortisol production by adrenal glands

28: -ectomy

Excision, cut out

Ex: Thyroidectomy- surgical removal of the thyroid gland, often performed to treat conditions such as hyperthyroidism 

29: -emia

Condition of the blood

Ex: Hyperglycemia- high levels of glucose in the blood, commonly associated with diabetes mellitus and requiring careful monitoring and management 

30: -ism 

State of

Ex: Hypothyrodism- state of underactive thyroid function, resulting in reduced production of thyroid hormones and symptoms like fatigue, weight gain and a cold intolerance 

31: -itis 

Inflammation 

Ex: Thyroiditis- inflammation of the thyroid gland, which can result from autoimmune conditions like hashimotos

32: -logist

Specialist who studies and treats 

Ex: Endocrinologist- medical specialist who studies and treats disorders of the endocrine system 

33: -logy

Study of

Ex: Endocrinology- study of the endocrine system, including the glands, hormones and related diseases

34: -megaly

Enlarged, enlargement

Ex: Acromegaly- abnormal enlargement if extremities caused by excessive growth hormone secretion from pituitary gland in adulthood

35: -oid

Resembling 

Ex: Adrenoid- resembling the adrenal glands in shape or function, possibly used in anastomical studies 

36: -oma

Tumor

Ex: Insulinoma- tumor of the pancreas that produces excessive amounts of insulin 

37: -pathy

Disease

Ex: Adenopathy- disease of enlargement of glandular tissue, such as in swollen lymph nodes 

38: -plasia 

Condition of , formation , 

development 

Ex: Hyperplasia- excessive growth or formation cells within an endocrine gland

Endocrine & reproductive 

Root words

1: aden/o

Gland

Ex: Andenoma- non cancerous tumor that arises in a gland such as the pituitary adenmoa

2: adrenal/o

Adrenal gland

Ex: adrenalectomy- surgical removal of one or both adrenal glands, often due to tumors or overproduction of hormones

3: crin/o

To secrete

Ex: Endocrinology- medical specialty focused on glands and the hormones they secrete 

4: cortic/o

Outer layer (cortex)

Ex: Corticosteroid- hormones (or synthetic versions) produced by the adrenal cortex used to reduce inflammation 

5: endocrine/o

Endocrine 

Ex: Endocrinogist- doctor specializing in hormone- producing glands and related disorders 

6: gluc/o

Sugar (glucose)

Ex: Glucosuria- condition where glucose spills into urine due to high blood sugar, common in diabetes 

7: glyc/o

Sugar

Ex: Hyperglycemia- abnormally high blood sugar level, key symptom of uncontrolled diabetes 

8: hormon/o

Hormone

Ex: Hormonal- related to or caused by hormones 

9: insulin/o

Insulin

Ex: Insulimona- usually benign tumor in the pancreases that secretes excessive insulin, leading to low blood sugar

10:  parathyroid/o

Parathyroiod gland

Ex: Parathyroidectomy- surgical removal of one or more parathyroid glands, often due to hyperparathyrodism

11: pituitary/o

Pituitary gland

Ex: Hypopituitarism- condition where the pituitary produces insufficient hormones affecting growth, and reproduction 

12: thyr/o

Thyroid 

Ex: Thyrotoxicosis- excessive thyroid hormonones causing symptoms like weight loss, anxiety and tremors

13: thyroid/o

Thyroid gland

Ex: Thyroiditis- inflammation of the thyroid gland, often autoimmune 

14: ket/o

Ketone bodies

Ex: Ketosis- metabolioc state where fat is burned for fuel, producing ketones

15: pancreat/o

Pancreas

Ex: Pancreatisis- inflammation of the pancreas which can impair digestion and insulin production 

16: somat/o

Body

Ex: Somatotropin - growth hormone that stimulates body growth, especially in children and teens

17: calc/i

Calcium 

Ex: Hypercalcemia- elevated calcium levels in the blood, often due to overactive parathyroid glands

18: trop/o

To turn, stimulate

Ex: Gonadrotropin- hormones that stimulate the glands (ovaries, testes)

19: oxytoc/o

Rapid birth

Ex: Oxytocin- hormone that triggers uterine contractions and milk ejection during labor and breastfeeding 

20: lact/o

Milk

Ex: Prolactin- hormone that stimulates milk production after childbirth

21: andr/o

Male

Ex: Androgen- male sex hormones like testrone that infulence male traits and reproduction

22: estr/o

Female 

Ex: Estrogen- primary female sex hormone responsible for reproductive and secondary sex charactericts

23: home/o

Same, constant 

Ex: Homostasis- body process of maintaining internal balance 

24: gigant/o

Giant

Ex: Gigantism- Excessive growth due to high growth hormone secreiton before growth plates close

25: dwarf/o

Small

Ex: Drwafism- condition of short stature caused by growth hormone deficiency or genetic factors

26: mineral/o

Minerals

Ex: Mineralocrticoid- steroid hormones that regulate salt and water balance 

27: natri/o

Sodium 

Ex: Natriuresis- excretion of sodium in the urine, often promoted by certain hormones or diuretics

28: toxic/o

Posion 

Ex: Thyrotoxic- refers to toxic effects in the body due to high thyroid hormone levels

29: cervic/o 

Cervix

Ex: Cervicitis- Inflammation of the cervix, often due to infection

30: colp/o

Vagina 

Ex: Colposcopy- visual exam of the vagina and cervix using a magnifying device, for cancer screenings

31: episi/o

Vulva 

Ex: Episiotmoy- surgical cut made at the vaginal opening during childbirth to aid delivery 

32: gynec/o 

Women 

Ex: Gynecology- medical field focused on the health of the female reproductive system 

33: Hyster/o

Uterus 

Ex: Hysterectomy- surgical removal of the uterus, often due to fibroids or cancer 

34: mamm/o

Breast 

Ex: mammogram- xray image of the breasts used to detect tumors or cysts

35: mast/o

Breast 

Ex: Mastectomy- surgical removal of one or both breasts, commonly to treat or prevent breast cancer 

36: men/o

Menstration

Ex: Menorrhagia- excessive or prolonged menstrual bleeding 

37: metr/o

Uterus

Ex: Metorrhagia- abnormal bleeding from the uterus between menstrual periods 

38: oophor/o

Ovary

Ex: Oophorectomy- surgical removal of one or both ovaries

39: ovari/o

Ovary 

Ex: Ovarian cyst- fluid filled sac on the ovary, sometimes very painful

40: ov/o

Egg

Ex: Ovulation- release of a mature egg from the ovary during the menstrual cycle 

41: salping/o 

Fallopian tube 

Ex: Salpingectomy- surgical removal of fallopian tube, due to ectopic pregnancy or infection

42: uter/o

Uterus 

Ex: Uterine prolaspse- dropping of the uterus into or out of vaginal canal due to weakened pelvic muscles

43: Vagin/o

Vagina

Ex: Vaginitis- inflammation or infection of the vagina, causing discharge and discomfort 

44: Vulv/o

Vulva

Ex: Vulvitis- inflammation or irritation of external female genital area

45: andr/o

Male

Ex: Andrology- medical specialty dealing with male reproductive health, fertility and urology

 46: balan/o 

Glans penis 

Ex: Balanitis- inflammation of the glands penis, often due to poor hygiene or infection

47: epididym/o

Epididytmis

Ex: Epididymitis- painful inflammation of the epididiymis, tube that store and carries sperm

48: orch/o

Testis

Ex: Orchitis- inflammation of one or both testicles, usually caused by infection

49: orchi/o 

Testies 

Ex: Orchiopexy- surgical procedure to fix an undesended testicle in the scrotum 

50: test/o

Testis 

Ex: Testosterone- main male sex hormone responsible for male characterictis and sperm production 

51: prostat/o

Prostate gland

Ex: Prostatitis- inflammation of the prostate, often causing painful urination 

52: sperm/o

Sperm

Ex: Spermatogenesis- biological process of sperm cell production in testes

53: spermat/o 

Sperm

Ex: Oligospermia- condition where sperm count is lower than normal, affecting fertility

54: semin/o

Semen 

Ex: Seminal vesicle- glands that produce Seminal fluid, which nourishes and transports semen 

55: zo/o

Living, motile

Ex:  Azoospermia- condition where no sperm are found in the semen 

Endocrine & Reproductive

Abbrivation, acronyms..

1: TSH

Thyroid- stimulating Hormone 

-Hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce T3 & T4, high levels of TSH may indicate hypothyroidism 

2: ACTH

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

- Stimulates the adrenal cortex to realese cortisol 

3: ADH

Antidiuretic Hormone 

-Hormone that conserves water in body by acting on kidneys

4: T3

Triiodthyronie

-Active thyroid hormone involved with metabolism , T3 levels are often tested with T4 and TSH

5: T4

Thyroxine

-Inactive thyroid hormone converted to T3 in tissues, elevated T4 can indicate hyperthyroidism 

6: FSH

Follicle stimulating hormone

- Stimulates egg and sperm production 

7: LH

Luteinizing Hormone 

- Triggers ovulation in females and testostrone production in males

8: GH

Growth Hormone 

- Promotes growth of tissues and bones

9: PRL 

Prolactin

-Hormone that promotes milk production , high PRL can cause missed periods and infertility 

10: HRT

Hormone Replacement Therapy 

- Treatment with hormones, usually for menopause, helps reduce menopause symptoms 

11: DM

Diabetes Mellitus 

- group of disorders with high blood sugar, type 1 is autoimmune , and type 2 is often lifestyle related 

12: DKA

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

-Serious complication of uncontrolled diabetes, requires emergency treatment with insulin and fluids 

13: SIADH 

Syndrome of Inaproppropiate Antidiuretic Hormone 

- Excessive ADH causes water retention and low sodium , also common in lung cancers

14: PTH

Parathyroid hormone

-Regulates calcium levels in blood, elevated PTH may cause hypercalcemia

15: HbA1c

Hemoglobin A1c

- Reflects average blood sugar over 2-3 months 

16: Addison's disease 

-Named after Thomas Addison 

- Adrenal insufficiency; low cortisol and aldosterone 

- Symptoms include fatigue, weight loss and low blood pressure 

17: Cushing syndrome 

-Named after Harvey Cushing

- Condition of excess cortisol, due to tumor

-Signs include moon face, central obesity and stretch marks 

18: IVF

In Vitro Fertilization

-Fertility treatment where egg and sperm are combined outside of body

- Helps with infertility couples conceive 

19: PID

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease 

-Infection of female reproductive organs 

-PID may result from untreated STD

20: STI

Sexually transmitted Infection

-Infection spread through sexual contact 

21: OB/GYN

Obstertric/Gynecology 

-Medical specialty for preganacy and female reproductive health

22: HPV

Human Papillomavirus 

-Common STI, HPV vaccine helps prevent cirvical cancer

23: PMS 

Premenstrual Syndrome 

-Emotional and physical symotoms before menstration

24: PCOS 

Polycysic ovary syndrome 

- Hormonal disorder causing irregualr periods and cystic ovaries 

25: HSG

Hysterosalpingography 

-xray test to check uterus and fallopian tubes

- used to evaluate infertility causes 

26: D&C

Dilation and Curettage 

-Procedure to remove tissue from inside the uterus 

-often used after miscarriage or abnormal bleeding 

27: LMP

Last menstrual period 

-First day of last period , used to estimate pregancy dates

28: EDD

Estimated due date

-Predicted delivery date of pregancy 

29: BPH

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia 

- Non cancerous enlargement of prostate gland 

- can cause urinary symtoms in older men

30: PSA

Prostate- specific antigen 

- Blood test to screen for prostate cancer 

31: TOA

Tubo- ovarian abscess 

- Pus filled infection involving fallopian tube and ovary 

32: Turner Syndrome 

-Named after Henry Turner

- Genetic disorder in females with one x chromosome 

33: Klineflter Syndrome 

Named after Harry Klineflter 

- Genetic disorder in males (XXY) causing infertilty

34: PAP (pap smear)

-Named after George Papanicolaou (man?)

-Tests that screens for cervical cancer by examining cells from cervix