ankyl/o

Stiff, bent Example: Ankylosis- abnormal stiffening and immobility of a joint due to fusion of the bones, often caused by injury or disease

arthr/o

Joint Example: Arthritis- Inflammation of a joint, often resulting in pain, swelling, and stiffness, which can be caused by aging, autoimmune disorders, or injury

carp/o

Carpals, wrist Example: Carpectomy- surgical removal of a carpal bone, typically performed to relieve pain or improve wrist function 

chondr/o

Cartilage Example: Chondromalacia- softening of cartilage, commonly affecting the knee and leading to pain and swelling during movement 

clavic/o

clavicul/o: collarbone Example: Clavicetomy- excision of the clavicle, usually performed to treat severe fractures or chronic pain

cost/o

Ribs Example: Costochondritis- inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum, causing localized chest pain that can mimic heart- related conditions 

Crani/o

Cranium Example: Craniotomy- surgical incision into the cranium to access the brain for procedures such as tumor removal or trauma management

electr/o

Electricity; electrical activity Example: Electromyography- a diagnostic test that records the electrical activity of muscles to detect neuromuscular disorders

fasci/o

Fascia Example: Fasciotomy- a surgical incision into fascia to relieve tension or pressure, often used to treat compartment syndrome 

fibr/o

Fibrous connective tissue Example: Fibromyalgia-  a condition characterized by widespread pain in fibrous tissue and muscles, often accompanied by fatigue and sleep disturbances

kinesi/o

Movement, motion Example: Kinesiology- the study of movement and how the body’s muscles, bones, and joints work together to produce motion 

kyph/o

Increased convexity of the spine Example: Kyphosis- excessive outward curvature of the spine, leading to a hunched posture, commonly seen in older adults

lamin/o

Lámina (thin, flat plate or layer) Example: Laminectomy- surgical removal of a portion of the vertebral lamina to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves

leiomy/o

Smooth (visceral) muscle that lines the walls of internal organs Example: Leiomyoma- a benign tumor of smooth muscle, often found in the uterus where it is commonly referred to as a fibroid 

lord/o

Bent forward, increased concavity of the spine Example: Lordosis- excessive inward curvature of the spine, commonly affecting the lower back and sometimes leading to pain

lumb/o

Loin, lumbar region of the spine Example: Lumbodynia- pain in the lumbar region, often caused by muscle strain, injury, or degenerative conditions

mandibul/o

Mandible, lower jaw bone Example: Mandibular- pertaining to the mandible, the largest and strongest bone of the face that holds the lower teeth

maxill/o

Maxilla, upper jaw Example: Maxillofacial- pertaining to the maxilla and face, often referring to surgeries or treatments involving the upper jaw and facial structures

menisc/o

Meniscus, crescent Example: Meniscectomy- surgical removal of a meniscus, typically done to repair damage from injury or degeneration in the knee joint

my/o

Muscle Example: Myopathy- any disease of the muscle, often resulting in weakness, pain or dysfunction, such as in muscular dystrophy or inflammatory myopathies

myel/o

Marrow (bone), spinal cord Example: Myelitis- inflammation of the spinal cord or bone marrow, which can cause neurological symptoms, weakness, or immune system dysfunction

oste/o

Bone Example: Osteoporosis- a condition characterized by a decrease in bone density, leading to brittle bones and an increased risk of fractures, especially in the hips, spine, and wrists

patell/o

Patella,kneecap Example: Patellar- pertaining to the kneecap, a small bone that protects the knee joint and facilitates leg extension

pelv/i

Pelvis, pelvic bone Example: Pelvimetry- measurement of the dimensions of the pelvis, often used in obstetrics to assess the feasibility of vaginal childbirth

pelv/o

Pelvis, pelvic bone Example: Pelvectomy- surgical removal of part or all of the pelvis, typically performed to treat advanced cancers or severe trauma

Petr/o

Stone Example: Petrous- resembling stone or pertaining to the petrous part of the temporal bone, which houses the inner ear structures

phalang/o

Bones of the fingers and toes Example: Phalangeal- pertaining to the bones of the fingers or toes, essential for dexterity and movement

plant/o

Sole of the foot Example: Plantar fasciitis- inflammation of the fascia on the sole of the foot, causing heel pain and discomfort, often due to overuse or improper footwear

pub/o

Pubis (hipbone) Example: Pubofemoral- pertaining to the pubis and femur, such as the pubofemoral ligament, which supports the hip joint 

rachi/o

Vertebral spine, vertebral column Example: Rachialgia- pain in the vertebral column, often caused by conditions like arthritis, herniated discs, or muscular strain 

rhabd/o

Rod-shaped, striated Example: Rhabdomyolysis- a condition involving the breakdown of striated muscle fibers, leading to the release of muscle contents into the bloodstream, potentially causing kidney damage

sarc/o

Flesh, connective tissue Example: Sarcoma- a malignant tumor of connective tissue such as bone, muscle, or fat, often requiring surgical and medical treatment

scoli/o

Crooked, curved Example: Scoliosis- abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, which can cause back pain, posture issues, and in severe cases, breathing difficulties

spondyl/o

Vertebra, spine, vertebral column Example: Spondylitis- inflammation of the vertebrae often seen in conditions like ankylosing spondylitis, causing stiffness and pain in the spine

tars/o

Tarsals, ankle bones Example: Tarsalgia- pain in the ankle bones, often caused by arthritis, injury, or overuse

ten/o 

Tendin/o, tend/o: Example: Tenosynovitis- inflammation of a tendon and its surrounding synovial sheath, often caused by repetitive movement or injury

vertebr/o

Vertebra, spine, vertebral column Example: Vertebral- pertaining to a vertebra, one of the interlocking bones that make up the spinal column, providing support and protection for the spinal cord