Term
| What is the typical recommended micronutrient intake? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Foods with little or no micronutrients |
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Term
| What are fortified junk foods? |
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Definition
| Junk food with added micronutrients |
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Term
| What are the organic micronutrients? |
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Definition
Fat soluble vitamins: A, D, E, K
Water soluble: B complex, C
Others: choline, lipoamide, carnitine |
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Term
| What are the inorganic micronutrients? |
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Definition
MINERALS
Macrominerals >1mg/day
Microminerals <1mg/day |
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Term
| What are some issues unique to micronutrition? |
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Definition
-possible subclinical deficiency
-controversial claims for essentiality of natural products
-overnutrition is NOT a concern
-controversial claims for benefits of higher (optimal) dose
-tissue redistribution under stress makes assay difficult |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Estimated average requirement |
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Term
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Definition
| Recommended Daily Allowance |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Who are RDAs designed for? |
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Definition
healthy people within 2 standard deviations from the mean (not including people w/ infections or metabolic disorders)
-based on minimumss to avoid symptoms of deficiency, not on optimal amounts |
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Term
| Why shouldn't people rely solely on supplements and fortified foods for their diet? |
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Definition
| Some essential micronutrients may not even be known yet, so it is best to include many diverse whole foods in the diet |
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Term
| What form of Vitamin A is an antioxidant? |
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Definition
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Term
| What forms of Vitamin A are steroid hormones? |
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Definition
| Retinoic acid (activates gene expression) and Retinol (probably first converted to Retinoic acid) |
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Term
| What is the form of Vitamin A used in the visual cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the form of Vitamin A that is used as storage forms? |
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Definition
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Term
| What form of Vitamin A is used in glycoprotein synthesis? |
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Definition
| Retinyl phosphate - glycosyl donor |
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Term
| Describe the interconvertability of the different forms of Vitamin A. |
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Definition
-Retinoic acid cannot be reduced to retinal
-Retinol cannot be converted back to carotenoids
-All others are interconvertable |
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Term
| Rhodopsin is in ______ and photopsins are in _________ |
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Definition
| Rhodopsin is in rods and photopsins are in cones |
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Term
| Describe the vision cycle |
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Definition
| Rhodopsin (and light in) --> trans-retinal, (nerve impulse and opsin out)--> cis-retinal (and opsin in) --> back to Rhodopsin |
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Term
| What are the most differentiated cells in stratified epithelium? |
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Definition
| secretory or keratinizing cells |
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Term
| Where does keratinization usually occur? |
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Definition
| Skin, mouth, esophagus, and nasopharynx |
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Term
| What happens during Vitamin A deficiency? |
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Definition
| Keratinization occurs in tissues where it normally does not: respiratory tract, GI tract, genitourinary tract, and cornea |
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Term
| What is the basis of Retin A (topical retinol, retinoic acid) treatment of acne? |
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Definition
| direct treatment of tissues with topical retinol or retinoic acid causes metaplasia (less keratinization) |
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