Term
| What are examples of anaerobic exercise and what effects does it have on the body? |
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Definition
lifting, sprinting
produces lactate, which mostly stays in muscle and is converted back into glycogen after exercise |
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Term
| What are the effects of long duration aerobic exercise? |
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Definition
creates an elevated metabolic demand on muscles --> accelerates the transition from well-fed state to early-fasting state and to a short-term fasting-like state
-lipolysis and ketone body production in the liver occur, but ketone bodies are used by muscles, so no ketosis occurs |
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Term
| What is gestational diabetes? |
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Definition
-a type of diabetes that is seen in pregnant women who already had symptoms of insulin resistance
-placental hormones further induce insulin resistance
-temporary diabetes
-fetal needs for fuels can produce hypoglycemia between meals which has adverse affects on fetal development |
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Term
| What are the effects of stress, trauma, burns and infections on metabolism? |
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Definition
| Increase the basal metabolic rate and generate a negative nitrogen balance |
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Term
| What effects does liver disease have on metabolism? |
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Definition
| can result in ammonia toicity, hypoglycemia, insulin resistance, muscle wasting, amino acid blood level imbalance, and neurological abnormalities |
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Term
| What are the metabolic effects of renal disease? |
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Definition
| causes problems with AA metabolism and ammonia; eventually will need dialysis |
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Term
| What type of diet can be used to delay the need for dialysis in patients with renal disease? |
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Definition
| high carb, low protein diets |
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Term
| What is diversion collitis? |
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Definition
Caused by the colon being surgically bypassed, which eliminates many of the bacteria that supply the colon epitheleal cells with short chain fatty acids for energy
so no bacteria --> no short chain fatty acids |
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Term
| What effects does alcohol have on metabolism? |
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Definition
-elevates NADH
-inhibits gluconeogenesis, the TCA cycle, and fatty acid oxidation
-can cause fasting hypoglycemia and ketoacidosis |
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Term
| What causes liver failure? |
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Definition
| Alcohol consumption --> accumulation of TGs in liver (fatty liver) --> cirrhosis and sclerosis --> liver failure |
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Term
| Metabolism of _______ AA cosumes one proton each. |
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Definition
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Term
| Metabolism of ______ and _______ AA produces one proton each |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain how the excess protons generated in normal, healthy people during AA metabolism are removed. |
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Definition
renal gluconeogenesis from glutamine --> generates one bicarbonate and two ammonias
-ammonium ions are exreted
-bicarbonate NEUTRALIZES PROTONS in the blood and are exhaled as CO2 |
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Term
| What happens in metabolic acidosis? |
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Definition
-ammonia production is increased (higher glutamine)
-urea production is decreased |
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Term
| What happens in metabolic alkalosis? |
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Definition
-ammonia production is decreased (decreased glutamine)
-urea production is increased |
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Term
| What method is used to test essentiality? |
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Definition
| feed synthetic diet of known molecular composition to test subjects and compare "complete diet" subjects to "deficient diet" for signs of ill health or poor development. Usually done in experimental animals for a long duration. |
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Term
| What method is used to discover an essential nutrient? |
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Definition
| Feed a mono-diet to one group of subjects and compare to subjects on same diet except supplemented with factor thought to be missing from the mono-diet |
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Term
| What are the international and US units of energy in nutrition? |
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Definition
International: kJ [1 kJ = 0.24kcal]
US: kilocalories (kcal) or "calories" [1 nutritional calorie = 1kcal] |
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Term
| What are the energy values of different nutrients? |
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Definition
fat: 9 kcal/g
carbs: 4 kcal/g
protein: 4 kcal/g
alcohol: 7 kacl/g
*all based on anhydrous weight |
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