Term
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Definition
| receives blood from body and pumps it to ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| more muscular, responsible for pumping blood to body |
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Term
| atrioventricular (AV) valves |
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Definition
| prevent backflow of blood into atria when the ventricles contract |
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Term
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Definition
| contraction of 2 atria, followed by contraction of 2 ventricles and then relaxation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| can initiate action potentials without stimulation of the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| primary pacemaker, located at junction of superior vena cava and right atrium |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulated by depolarization of atria, generates action potentials that are conducted to ventricles via Bundle of His, fibers that then spread out ventricular muscle mass as Purkinje fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| red blood cells, generated by stem cells in bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
| hormone regulating red blood cell production, released by kidneys in response to insufficient oxygen (hypoxia) |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny fragment of cell, no organelles, lots of enzymes and chemicals for blood clotting |
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Term
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Definition
responsible for for water movement across capillary walls
-blood pressure squeezes water and small solutes out of the capillaries
-osmotic pressure pulls water back into the capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
| if cardiac muscle cells are stretched, as they are when the volume of returning blood increases, they contract more forcefully |
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Term
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Definition
| lymphatic vessels that empty into large veins at the base of the neck (lymphatic vessels return interstitial fluid to the blood) |
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Term
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Definition
| hardening of the arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| intravascular blood clot, caused when platelets stick to the plaque |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| piece of thrombus that breaks loose --> embolism |
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Term
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Definition
| embolism in brain causes cells around it to die |
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Term
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Definition
| smooth muscle cuffs that shut off blood supply to the capillary bed |
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Term
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Definition
| excess blood, caused by increased metabolism of a tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| stretch receptors, monitor changes in blood pressure and composition |
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Term
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Definition
| maintain volume, concentration, and composition of extracellular fluids, and excrete wastes |
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Term
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Definition
| marine invertebrates equilibrate their EC fluid osmolarity with ocean water |
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Term
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Definition
| maintain EC fluid osmolarities much lower than seawater |
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Term
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Definition
| highly toxic, most common nitrogenous waste |
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Term
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Definition
| animals that excrete urea (humans!), results in large loss of H2O |
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Term
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Definition
| animals that excrete nitrogenous wastes mostly as uric acid |
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Term
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Definition
| flame cell and tubule together (flatworms) |
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Term
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Definition
| functional unit of the kidney (main excretory organ of vertebrates) |
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Term
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Definition
| state of low metabolic activity and low water turnover |
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Term
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Definition
| blood enters glomerular capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| deliver substances into renal tubule cells that they will secrete into urine and carry away substances these cells absorb from the urine |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cells of capsule in direct contact with glomerular capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
| ends of branches of ureter, make up internal core (medulla) of kidney |
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Term
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Definition
| outer layer of medulla, granular |
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Term
| proximal convoluted tubule |
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Definition
| initial segment of renal tubule |
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Term
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Definition
| in medulla, when tubule makes a hairpin turn and ascends back to the cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| where distal convoluted tubules of many nephrons join |
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Term
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Definition
| peritubular capillaries run into medulla in parallel with loops of Henle and collecting ducts, forming a vascular network |
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Term
| countercurrent multiplier |
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Definition
| responsible for concentrating ability of mammalian kidney |
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Term
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Definition
| class of membrane proteins that form water channels (highly permeable regions of kidney) |
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Term
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Definition
causes angiotensin to form:
-constricts efferent renal arterioles
-constricts peripheral blood vessels all over body
-stimulates aldosterone (sodium reabsorption of kidney ^)
-stimulates thirst in brain |
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Term
| atrial natriuretic peptide |
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Definition
| decreases reabsorption of sodium in kidney --> more pee |
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Term
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Definition
| primary root developing from radicle of eudicots |
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Term
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Definition
| arriving from outside, form fibrous root system (composed of numerous thin roots that are all roughly equal in diameter) |
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Term
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Definition
| help support aboveground growth |
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Term
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Definition
| repeating modules of nodes, internodes, and axillary buds) |
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Term
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Definition
| where leaf attaches to stem |
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Term
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Definition
| interval of stem between 2 nodes |
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Term
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Definition
| form in angle where each leaf meets the stem (axil) |
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Term
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Definition
| stalk that attaches blade to the stem |
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Term
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Definition
| vascular membrane, pumps solutes into vacuole |
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Term
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Definition
| thin layer between walls of 2 daughter cells |
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Term
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Definition
| living contents of plant cell |
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Term
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Definition
| deposit more cellulose when cell expansion stops |
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Term
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Definition
| put in secondary cell wall, strong, waterproof, resistant to digestion |
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Term
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Definition
| ER of adjacent cells connected by these cytoplasm-filled canals |
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Term
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Definition
| clusters of undifferentiated cells at tips of root and shoot, will orchestrate all postembryonic development and allow plant to form organs throughout its lifetime |
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Term
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Definition
| supporting structure, formed by uneven distribution of cytoplasm within zygote |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| epidermis, single cell layer |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted by epidermal cells, limits H2O loss, reflects solar radiation, serves as barrier against pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
| makes up most of plant body (storage, support, photosynthesis) |
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Term
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Definition
| cells have large vacuoles and thin walls |
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Term
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Definition
| modified to provide flexible support |
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Term
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Definition
| support, often die for support |
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Term
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Definition
| rigid wood support, long bundles |
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Term
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Definition
| pack densely, make pears gritty, in nut's shell, some seed coats |
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Term
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Definition
| plant's plumbing or transport system |
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Term
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Definition
| conducting cells, must die before they function |
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Term
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Definition
| flowering plants have this, laid down end-to-end, secrete lignin, create smooth tube for H2O flow |
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Term
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Definition
| phloem cells, form sieve tubes |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that perpetuate meristems |
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Term
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Definition
| orchestrate primary growth |
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Term
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Definition
| orchestrate secondary growth |
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Term
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Definition
| tissues of primary plant body |
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Term
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Definition
| thick layer of relatively unspecialized cells, storage depot |
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Term
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Definition
| innermost layer of the cortex |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| tissue within which lateral roots arise, can contribute to secondary growth, exports ions into xylem cells |
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Term
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Definition
| stores carbohydrate reserves |
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Term
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Definition
| contains xylem and phloem |
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Term
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Definition
| middle of the leaf, zone of photosynthetic parenchyma tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| cylindrical tissue consisting predominantly of elongated cells that divide frequently |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of solution from region of higher pressure potential to lower |
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Term
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Definition
| fast lane for water and ions to pass into the xylem, consists of cell walls and intercellular spaces, unregulated |
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Term
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Definition
| slow lane for water and ions to pass to the xylem, passes through continuous cytoplasm connected by plasmodesmata |
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Term
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Definition
| distinguishes ground tissue from endodermis, forms water-repelling belt |
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Term
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Definition
| pressure exerted by the root tissues that would force liquid up the xylem |
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Term
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Definition
| water diffuses through stomata to outside leaf |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of carbohydrates and other solutes through the plant in the phloem |
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Term
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Definition
| linked to sieve tube elements, provide them with life support |
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Term
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Definition
| mineral nutrients dissolve in water as ions within soil, touch roots |
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Term
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Definition
| calcium, nitrogen, magnesium, sulfur, potassium, phosphorus |
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Term
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Definition
| recognizable horizontal layers of soil |
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Term
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Definition
| adding lime to soil, increases availability of Ca to plants |
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Term
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Definition
| dark-colored, organic soil component, comes from dead organic matter |
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Term
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Definition
| association of fungi with roots |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| compounds produced by plant roots that stimulate rapid growth of fungal hyphae toward the root |
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Term
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Definition
| root structures that house nitrogen-fixing bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| fix nitrogen in mutualistic association with roots of legumes |
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Term
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Definition
| form of bacteria that can fix nitrogen |
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria that oxidize ammonia to nitrate through process of nitrification |
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Term
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Definition
| absorptive organs that invade the host and tap into vascular tissues in the root or stem |
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Term
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Definition
| can photosynthesize, but derive H2O and mineral nutrients from living bodies of other plants |
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Term
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Definition
| completely parasitic and do not photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| uptake of water (begins seed germination process) |
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Term
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Definition
| technique to identify genes involved in plant signal transduction pathway; must create a collection of mutants and identify those individuals likely to have a defect in the pathway being studied |
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Term
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Definition
| cylindrical sheath a few cells thick that protects the delicate shoot as it pushes through the soil |
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Term
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Definition
| apical buds inhibit the growth of axillary buds --> growth of single main stem with minimal branching (controlled by auxin) |
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Term
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Definition
| fruit formation without fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins pumped into cell wall, lowering pH --> polysaccharides adhere to each other less strongly --> cell expansion |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates cell elongation, pollen tube elongation, and vascular tissue differentiation, inhibits root elongation |
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Term
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Definition
| mediate the effects of higher-intensity blue light |
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Term
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Definition
| mediates the effects of red light |
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Term
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Definition
| blue-light receptor protein, absorbs blue light --> changes shape |
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Term
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Definition
| blue-light receptor, works with phototropin in the light-induced opening of stomata |
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Term
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Definition
| absorb blue and UV light, affect seedling development and flowering |
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Term
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Definition
| elongated stem, pale yellow folded leaf, and protective hook, occurs in seedling before it reaches the light |
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Term
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Definition
| triggers seed germination, shoot development after etoliation, and flowering |
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Term
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Definition
| "one house" male and female flowers on same plant |
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Term
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Definition
| plants have male only or female only flowers |
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Term
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Definition
| female gametophytes, develop in megasporangia |
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Term
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Definition
| male gametophytes, develop in microsporangia |
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Term
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Definition
| supports embryo by pushing it into endosperm |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| complete lives in 1 year, after flowering, put lots of energy into seeds and fruits |
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Term
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Definition
| orderly cluster of flowers |
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Term
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Definition
| control of an organism's responses by the length of day or night |
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Term
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Definition
| flower only when day is shorter than a critical maximum |
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Term
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Definition
| transmissible signal traveling from leaf when exposed to light to plant to induce flowering |
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Term
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Definition
| when the environmental signal for flowering is cold temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| asexual reproduction, involves stems, leaves, and roots instead of flowers |
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Term
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Definition
| asexual production of seeds (flowers produced just to reproduce asexually) |
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Term
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Definition
| convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and the reduced electron carrier NADPH |
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Term
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Definition
| use ATP, NADPH, and CO2 to produce carbohydrate |
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Term
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Definition
| light absorbed by a purified pigment vs. wavelength |
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Term
|
Definition
| plot of the biological activity of an organism as a function of the wavelengths of light to which it is exposed |
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Term
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Definition
| accessory pigments, appear deep yellow |
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Term
|
Definition
| absorb yellow-green, yellow, and orange wavelengths |
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Term
|
Definition
| light-harvesting complexes, how pigments in photosynthetic organisms are arranged |
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Term
| noncyclic electron transport |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| cyclic electron transport |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| uses light energy to pass an excited electron to NADP+, reducing it to NADPH |
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Term
|
Definition
| uses light energy to oxidize water molecules, producing electrons, protons, and O2 |
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Term
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Definition
| electron transport is coupled to the transport of protons across the thylakoid membrane, resulting in a proton gradient across the membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
fixation- of CO2, catalyzed by rubisco, product is 3PG
reduction- of 3PG to G3P
regeneration- of the CO2 acceptor, RuBP |
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Term
|
Definition
| consumes O2 and releases CO2 bc it occurs only in the light |
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