Term
What are the prokaryotic ribosomal subunits?
Eukaryotic? |
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Definition
prokaryotic: 30S and 50S
eukaryotic: 40S and 60S |
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| What is the function of cholesterol |
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Definition
| helps with cell membrane fluidity and generates steroid hormones |
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Term
| Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) |
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Definition
proteins in cell membrane that allow cells to recognize each other
acts in differentiation and development |
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Definition
| lipid synthesis and detoxification of drugs and poisons |
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Definition
| inner foldings of mitochondria |
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| create hydrogen peroxide within cell to break down fats into usable molecules and catalyze detoxification reactions in the liver |
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| important for germinating plants because converts fats to usable sugars until the plant can make its own energy via photosynthesis |
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Definition
| peroxisomes and glyoxysomes |
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| What makes up cell walls in plants, fungi, and protists? |
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Definition
plants: cellulose
fungi: chitin
protists: usually calcium carbonate |
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Definition
| organize spindle apparatus on which chromosomes move during mitosis |
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| the cytoskeleton has what three components? |
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Definition
| microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments |
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Definition
smallest
made of solid rods of actin |
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Definition
hollow, largest component of cytoskeleton
made of tubulin protein |
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Definition
| enzymes without their cofactors |
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Definition
| enzymes with their cofactors |
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| have multiple binding sites (active site and allosteric site) |
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Definition
| competitive inhibition and noncompetitive inhibition |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibitor blocks substrate by binding to active site |
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Term
| noncompetitive inhibition |
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Definition
| inhibitor binds to allosteric site |
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Definition
| active site made permanently unavailable or enzyme permanently altered |
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Definition
| 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
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Term
| Cellular Respiration Formula |
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Definition
| C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy |
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Term
| Which form of NAD+/NADH and FAD/FADH2 is oxidized and which is reduced? |
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Definition
if it has the H it has been reduced
reduction is gain of electrons or Hydrogen! |
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Term
| where does glycolysis occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| Glycolysis inputs and outputs |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to pyruvate if Oxygen is not available? |
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Definition
Fermentation
converted to ethanol or lactice acid |
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Term
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Definition
| converts lactic acid back to pyruvate once our bodies get enough oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of oxygen our body needs to complete the cori cycle (convert lactic acid back to pyruvate) |
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Term
| What are the stages of the cell cycle? |
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Definition
G1 (pre synthetic gap)
S stage (synthesis)
G2 (post synthetic gap)
M stage *mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
| cells create mitochondria, ribosomes, ER, and double in size |
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Term
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Definition
| cells duplicate chromatids |
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Definition
| cells make sure they have enough organelles and cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) and cytokinesis |
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Definition
| paired cylindrical organelles located in the centrosome region that form spindle fibers (made of microtubules) |
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Definition
| attachement points that form the spindle apparatus for cell division |
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Definition
| adult organism develops unfertilized egg |
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Term
| When and where does crossing over occur? |
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Definition
| during prophase I of meiosis at chiasmata |
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Term
| seminiferous tubules and cells of Leydig |
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Definition
| functional components of testes |
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| secrete testosterone and other androgens |
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| stores sperm, they gain motility here |
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Term
| route sperm travel during ejaculation |
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Definition
| vas deferents, ejaculatory duct, urethra |
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Term
| what produces seminal fluid |
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Definition
| seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral gland |
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Definition
| contribute fructose and nourishment to seminal fluid |
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Definition
| contributes alkaline properties to seminal fluid |
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Definition
| diploid stem cells that become primary spermatocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| cap over sperm head (derived from golgi) |
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Term
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Definition
| haploid cells after meiosis I of primary spermatocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| haploid cells after meiosis II of primary spermatocytes |
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Definition
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Definition
| pre differentiated cells frozen in prophase I that will become eggs |
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Definition
forms once a month from the primary oocyte
stays in metaphase II and doesn't finish meiosis until fertilization occurs |
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Term
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Definition
formed along with secondary oocyte
almost all of the cytoplasm goes to the oocyte but the polar body is the other "cell" formed from meiosis of the primary oocyte |
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Term
| zona pellucida and corona radiata |
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Definition
| layers that surround oocyte |
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Term
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Definition
| when fertilization of ovum occurs, Ca2+ ions are released into cytoplasm, causing a fertilization membrane to form and increasing metabolic rate |
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Definition
single cell
fertilized ovum |
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Definition
| after first cleavage until week 8 |
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Term
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Definition
| cells can still develop into complete organisms |
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Definition
| cells are committed to differentiate into a specific cell type |
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Definition
| solid mass of cells after several divisions |
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Definition
| hollow, fluid-filled inner cavity of blastula |
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Definition
cells that give rise to chorion and placenta
surrounds blastocoel |
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| inner cell mass of blastula |
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Definition
| protrudes into the blastocoel and gives rise to organism (compare to trophoblast that gives rise to chorion and placenta) |
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Definition
| prepares endometrial layer for embryo to implant itself |
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Definition
| forms blastula (hollow ball of cells) |
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Definition
formation of 3 cell layers of implantation
(endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm) |
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Definition
| deep invagination of gastrula that develops into gut eventually |
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Term
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Definition
opening of archenteron in gastrula
develops into mouth (protostomes) or anus (deuterostomes) |
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Term
| What does blastopore develop into in deuterostomes and protostomes? |
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Definition
deuterostomes: anus
protostomes: mouth |
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Term
| What does ectoderm develop into? |
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Definition
| integument, lens of eye, nervous system, adrenal medulla |
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Term
| What does mesoderm develop into? |
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Definition
| musculoskeletal system, circulatory system, excretory system, gonads, muscular and connective tissue coats of digestive and respiratory system, adrenal cortex |
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Term
| What does endoderm develop into? |
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Definition
| digestive and respiratory, liver, pancreas, thyroid, bladder, distal urinary and reproductive tracts |
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Definition
| development of nervous system |
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Definition
| in fetal circulation connects right and left atria |
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Definition
| in fetal circulation shunts blood from pulmonary artery to aorta |
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Definition
| in fetal circulation, bypasses the liver and makes blood from the placenta go straight to inferior vena cava |
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Definition
| peptide hormone that coordinates birth |
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Definition
| skull, vertebral column, ribcage (basic framework) |
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Definition
| arms, legs,pelvic and pectoral girdles |
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Definition
| make cartilage by secreting chondrin (matrix) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
bony spicules (points) of songy bone
filled with bone marrow |
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Definition
filled with hematopoietic stem cells
generates blood cells |
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Definition
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Definition
| cylindrical shafts of long bones |
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Definition
| dilated ends of long bones |
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Term
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Definition
cartilaginous structure of long bones, site of longitudinal growth
separates diaphyses and epiphyses |
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Definition
| fibrous sheath that surrounds long bone for protection and muscle attachment |
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Term
| What types of bones are there? |
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Definition
| compact (spongy) bone, long bones, strong bones |
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Term
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Definition
| in strong bones, filled with blood vessels, nerve fibers, and lymph |
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Term
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Definition
fill spaces between lamellae in strong bones
house osteocytes (mature bone cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| little canals that connect lacunae in strong bones |
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Term
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Definition
AKA aversion systems
structural units of strong bones
encircle haversian canal |
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Term
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Definition
| surrounds haversian canal in concentric circles in strong bones |
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Term
| endochondral ossification |
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Definition
| process of cartilage hardening to bone |
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Term
| intramembranous ossification |
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Definition
| undifferentiated embryonic connective tissue (mesechymal tissue) is transformed into and replaced by bone |
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