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Duke William III of Aquitaine founded/funded monaster, monk Berno called to head it, deeded the monastery to Saint's Peter and Paul (under the Pope's protection from nearby bishops and feudal lords) also prevented Pope from invading and taking the land/wealth from the monastery
followed the Rule of Benedict in it entirety, most important reforming monastery of the time |
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| most powerful Pope of the Middle Ages, intervened(interfered) in politics in various places in the Empire, instituted the episcopal inquisition---Christendom most closely approached "one flock, one shepherd" ideal |
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| buying and selling of ecclesiastical posts |
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Hildebrand ie
Pope Gregory VII |
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| monk who traveled to Rome with Bruno and Humbart(1048), came to complete conflict with the Emperor (Henry IV, Canossa) great reformer |
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| monk that went with Hildebrand and Bruno to Rome to enact reform of the papacy(1048), was the messenger to the Eastern empire that left a letter of excommunication that caused the great schism between the two churches in 1054, Against the Simoniacs |
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| sought reform against simony and clerical marriage, successful in Italy, reinforced the already happening reform in Germany and was met with resistance in France |
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| Frankish leader who came to control most of the former western roman empire, crowned HRE by Leo III |
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great prophet founder of Islam in Mecca, exiled to Medina where he gained many followers before conquering Mecca
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| the first Pope to send out crusaders in 1095 |
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First Ecumenical Council
Council of Nicea |
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| 325 "Christ is fully divine" (Arius and Alexander) |
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Second Ecumenical Council
Council of Constantinople |
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| 381 "Christ is fully human" (against Apollinarius) |
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Third Ecumenical Council
Council of Ephesus |
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| 431 "Christ is one person" (Nestorius's Christotokos agains orthodox Theotokos) |
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Fourth Ecumenical Council
Council of Chalcedon |
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| 451 "Christ is two in nature" (Monophysites as Eutyches) |
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| Dominic de Guzman-Dominicans |
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| wasn't allowed to start a new Order, so accepted and adapted the "Canons of Saint Augustine", emphasized study, intellectual training, Order of Preachers, not cloistered (didn't live in a monastery), great scholastic Thomas Aquinas, Alan de La Roche(rosary)- |
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| gave away everything his parents gave him, told by the Bishop to give up his rights to his parents goods, saw voluntary poverty as a means of self-discipline and a way to identify with the poor,requested approval of his order from Innocent III, not allowed to possess anything, afraid the movements success would be its downfall, Order of Friars Minor |
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| 1225-1274 The most important theologian since Augustine, wrote Summa Theologica-a natural theology based on rational arguments |
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| 1309-1377 period of time when the Pope resided in Avignon France and was a tool of the French government |
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| war between England and France, involved most European countries, coincided with Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy, persuaded most enemies of France to see the Pope as a foreign power, lead to problems between the Pope and governments |
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| Urban VI was elected, went mad and caused problems, same cardinals elected Clement VII, Urban elected his own cardinals... 2 Popes, 2 sets of cardinals one in Rome, one in Avignon |
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| (440-461) First pope in the modern sense of the word, turned away Atilla the Hun, Bishop when the Vandals sacked Rome |
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| 903-964 various popes starved, suffocated, strangled |
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| (Pope from 590-604) took Augustinian theology farther and made it practical, Gregorian chants, daily mass |
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| emperor when the pornocracy ended |
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| Vandals sacked the city of Rome |
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| King Recared of the Visigoths, converted from Arianism to Nicene Orthodoxy in 589 leading his people to become catholics |
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| Muslims invaded Spain and put an end to King Roderick's life and of Visigoth rule |
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| King Sigismund, the Burgundian king, converted to Nicene Orthodoxy (Catholicism) |
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| Franks conquered the Burgundians |
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| 625-638-declared himself a Monothelite (Christological heresy) |
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| 731-741 ended the practice of the authorities in Constantinople approving/confirming candidates to the Papacy |
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| beginning of the Muslim era |
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| Muslims first took Jerusalem |
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| Charlemagne was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in the former western empire by Pope Leo III |
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| Hungarians invaded Moravia |
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| Photian schism--Photius accused the entire West of heresy for including "and of the son" in the Nicene Creed |
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| 1098-1179, sincere Benedictine abbess(nun) who's mystical writing found an audience amongst those who sought a more profound spiritual life |
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| Corpus Juris Canonici- a document combining 6 major reforming legislations that formed the basis of law for the Roman Catholic Church |
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| synod under Gregory VII condemned simony officially and required clergy to be celibate |
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| First crusade captured Jerusalem |
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| City/kingdom of Edessa fell to the Muslims, cause for the Second Crusade |
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| End of the Crusades to the Holy Land |
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| Crusade inside the empire, called by Innocent III-sent to southern France to stamp out the Albigensian heresy |
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| Concordant of Worms--granted the emperor power to invest Bishops with secular authority but not sacred authority, disallowed marriage of clergy (to protect takeover by inheritance), diminished simony |
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| 726-842, iconoclasts destroyed icons disallowed them in worship, icondules(Eastern Orthodox typically) used icons for awakening a sense of devotion-veneration of icons in worship |
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Theological/Liturgical contrasts:
East |
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(essay 1) God -transcendent
Humanity-optimistic anthropology
Monasticism-prophetic
Liturgy-more praise
Theology- More speculative (only 7 councils)
Church Hierarchy -autocephalous and collegiate |
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Theological/Liturgical contrasts:
West |
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(essay 1)God-as ruler
Humanity- pessimistic
Monasticism- Representative
Liturgy-Didactic
Theology-more pragmatic (21 councils)
Church Hierarchy- centralized, hierarchical development resulting in the Pope |
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| Western Christendom foundations from chaos (essay 2) |
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religious-developed a hierarchical structure
economically- developed a feudalist order
nationality- (Christendom) Holy Roman Empire-glued together by Christianity |
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| Incident at Canossa (essay 3) |
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Henry IV vs Gregory VII
Gregory forbid lay investiture in edict in 1076
Henry challenged the Pope, ignored his summons
Gregory place Henry and his territories under interdict
Henry forced to recant and ask forgiveness to regain support(Canossa 1077)
Gregory forgives Henry
Henry exiles Gregory (1081)
Gregory dies four years later(1085) |
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| Carolingian Reform (Charlemagne's family, essay 2) |
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| evangelization by the sword,forcibly baptized thousands, encouraged theological thinking such as that done by John Scotus Erigena |
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| Issues Gregory VII dealt with leading up to Canossa (essay 3) |
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| sexual immorality of the clergy, simony (buying and selling of clerical offices), lay investiture (what Henry IV wanted to do, appointment of church officials by secular rulers) |
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| Resources Gregory VII (and all Popes) had to struggle for reform |
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excommunication(separated individuals from sacraments)
Interdict(excommunication of territory)
Ban(leaving offensive persons unprotected by the law) |
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| The Golden Age of Christianity Summary Outline (essay 5) |
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Imperial Papacy (Innocent III)
Military Expansion(Crusades)
Mendicant Monasticism (Franciscans and Dominicans)
Scholasticism (Anselm to Abelard)
Enduring Sacred Architecture (Cathedrals it would take hundreds of years to build) |
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| Period of the 8 major crusades, started under Pope Urban II, |
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| fourth crusade, called by Innocent III, Crusade was rerouted by the Venetians (ship owners) in exchange for large sums of money, crusaders sacked Constantinople |
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| "I believe in order that I may understand" |
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| most important forerunner of scholasticism, applied reason to faith to understand more deeply what he already believed, Proslogion-ontological argument for the existence of God,also wrote Why the God man? |
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| enemy of Bernard of Clairvaux(had Abelard declared a heretic), Wrote Sit et Non? (Yes or No) a list of 158 theological questions and showed the scripture, church authorities and ancient writers responses as either yes or no |
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| Four Books of Sentences, systematic treatment of the main themes of Christian theology, became the basic textbook in universities for over 400 years, (seven sacraments) |
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| before even accepted at the Cistercian monastery had persuaded others to join him-->powers of persuasion |
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