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from roughly the mid-twentieth century to today
Defined by the many changes in technology such as e-mail, video games, YouTube, hip-hop, reality TV, etc.
Four major features of Postmodernism:
populism, diversity, nostalgia, and paradox |
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| In the social hierarchy, these are the things that are considered superior, such as ballet, the symphony, art museums, and classical literature |
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| In the social hierarchy, these are the things that are considered inferior, such as soap operas, rock music, radio shock jocks, and video games |
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In the linear model of mass communication, these function as message filters
examples are news editors, executive producers, and other media managers |
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| The term used to describe all the changes currently occurring in media content and within media companies |
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| When images, texts, and sounds are converted into electronic signals that are then reassembled as a precise reproductions of something like a TV picture, magazine article, song, or telephone voice. |
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| people who post commentary on cultural, personal, and political-opinion-based Web sites |
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| the symbols of expression that individuals, groups, and societies use to make sense of daily life and to articulate their values |
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| In the linear model of mass communication, this is the step where citizens and consumers return messages to senders or gatekeepers through letters-to-the-editor, phone calls, e-mail, Web postings, or talk shows |
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| Attaining knowledge and understanding of mass media |
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| The original internet that enabled military and academic researchers to communicate on a distributed network system |
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| Became the standard for transmitting communication data speedily in the mid-1980s. It's made of thin glass bundles of fiber capable of transmitting thousands of messages simultaneously. It replaced the previous, bulkier copper wires used to transmit computer information. |
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the written code that creates Web pages and links, and is a language that all computers can read, so computers with different operating systems, such as Windos or Macintosh, con communicate easily
stands for hypertext markup language) |
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Connections that can quickly download multimedia content.
Led to internet users moving from dial-up services to high-speed services. |
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| enables users to send and receive real-time computer messages |
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the buying and selling of products and services on the Internet
It took off in 1995 with the launch of Amazon.com. |
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| The information profiles that are automatically collected and transferred between computer servers whenever users access Web sites |
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| A scam that uses phony e-mail messages that appear to be from official Websites such as eBay, PayPal, or the user's university or band-asking customers to update their credit card numbers, account passwords, and other personal information |
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| The growing contrast between the "information haves," those who can afford to purchase computers and pay for Internet services, and the "information have-nots," those who may not be able to afford a computer or pay for Internet services |
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Offer a different route to finding content by allowing users to enter key words or queries to locate related Web pages
Some of the first search engines were Yahoo!, which searched information in its own directory, and Alta Vista and Inktomi, which were the first algorithmic search engines, which searched the entire web. |
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| Captures the fluctuations of sound waves and stores those signals in a record's grooves or a tape's continuous stream of magnetized particles |
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translates sound waves into binary on-off pulses and stores that information as numerical code.
When played back, a microprocessor translates these numerical codes back into sounds and sends them to loudspeakers |
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| A song recorded or performed by another artist |
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| The practice of record promoters paying deejays or radio programmers to play particular songs |
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Unauthorized online file-sharing
A big cause in the decline of music sales globally |
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| the unauthorized videotaping or audiotaping of live performances, which are then sold illegally for profit |
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| Songs performed in any culture by untrained musicians and passed down mainly through oral tradition |
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When the MP3 file format was developed in 1992, computer users began swapping music files online.
In 1999, Napster brought MP3 format to popular attention, and music files were widely available on the internet, both legally and illegally. |
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| Illegal reissues of out-of-print recordings and the unauthorized duplication of manufacturer recordings sold on the black market at cut-rate prices |
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| An improvisational and mostly instrumental musical form developed in New Orleans that absorbed and integrated a diverse body of musical styles, including African rhythms, blues, and gospel . |
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A series of dots and dashes that stood for letters in the alphabet.
Telegraph operators used it to transmit news and messages simply by interrupting the electrical current along a wire cable |
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Wireless voice and music transitions that preceded radio.
In 1902, Lee De Frost set up the Wireless Telephone Company to compete head-on with American Marconi. De Frost was different from Marconi because he focused on wireless voice and music transmissions. |
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Person-to-person communication, like the telegraph and telephone.
Prior to radio broadcasting, wireless was considered a form of narrowcasting |
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The transmission of radio waves (and later, TV signals) to a broad public audience.
Once an agricultural term that referred to the process of casting seeds over a large area. |
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Stressed the volume, or height of radio waves. It's not a clear as FM, but it has greater reach.
AM = amplitude modulation |
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The top 40 most popular hits in a given week as measured by record sales.
The idea first came about with the idea of rotation, which is playing the top songs many times a day. This was combined with the Rock and Roll explosion, and the Top 40 format was made into an official thing. |
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Among the radio's oldest and most popular formats, reaching about 9.4 percent of all listeners, most of the over 40, with an eclectic mix of news, talk, oldies, and soft rock music.
Also known as middle-of-the-road or MOR |
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| National Public Radio (NPR) |
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In the 1960s, Congress became sympathetic to the old idea of using radio and television as educational tools, and as a result, NPR was created as one of the two first noncommercial networks.
It was mandated to provide alternatives to commercial broadcasting.
Today it has many popular news and interview programs such as "Morning Edition" and "All Things Considered" |
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Came about after a series of satellites launched to cover the continental United States.
It's programs include a range of music channels, from rock to reggae, to Spanish Top 40 and opera, as well as channels dedicated to NASCAR, NPR, cooking, and comedy.
Another feature of satellite radio's programming is popular personalities who host their own shows or have their own channels |
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| A digital technology that enables AM and FM radio broadcasters to multicast two to three additional compressed digital signals withing their traditional analog frequency |
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The practice of making audio files available on the Internet so listeners can download them onto their computers and transfer them to portable MP3 players or listen to the files on their computer
The term is derived from combining iPod and broadcasting |
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| Offer recently released movies or special one-time sporting events to subscribers who paid a designated charge to their cable company allowing them to view the program |
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| Enables customers to choose among hundreds of titles and watch their selection whenever they want in the same way as a video, pausing and fast-forwarding when desired |
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Required all cable operators to assign channels to and carry all local TV broadcasts on their systems.
This rule ensured that local network affiliates, independent stations, and public TV channels would benefit from cables's clearer reception.
First established by the FCC in 1965 and reaffirmed in 1972. |
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Refers to viewing TV programs on computers and digital devices.
The name usually means that computer-type screens are the third major way we view content (movie screens and traditional TV sets are the first and second screens) |
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| Popular old network reruns such as "I Love Lucy" |
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Older programs that no longer run during network prime time are made available for reruns to local stations, cable operators, online services, and foreign markets
Commonly just called reruns |
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| A statistical estimate expressed as the percentage of households that are tuned to a program in the market being samples |
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Often called sitcom
Features a recurring cast, each episode establishes a narrative situation, complicates it, develops increasing confusion among its characters, and then usually resolves the complications |
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| Independent TV stations uplinked to a satellite such as WGN in Chicago |
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| Telecommunications Act of 1996 |
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Brought cable fully under the federal rules that had long governed the telephone, radio, and TV industries.
It allows cable companies to offer telephone services, and it permits phone companies to offer Internet services and buy or construct cable systems in communities with fewer than 50,000 residents |
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An early movie camera that combined the incandescent light bulb, celluloid, and a camera.
It was put together by Thomas Edison's assistant, William Kennedy Dickson |
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| A single-person viewing system to view films captured by the kinetograph |
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| A form of movie theater whose name combines the admission price with the Greek word for "theater" |
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| Control over all levels of the movie industry from production to distribution to exhibition. |
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Big-budget special effects films that typically have summer releases, heavy promotion, and lucrative merchandising tie-ins.
"The Birth of a Nation" was the first one made. |
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| cultural products that become popular and provide shared cultural experiences |
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| A shift from celluloid film that allows film makers to replace expensive and bulky film cameras with less expensive, lightweight digital video cameras. |
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Weekly ten-minute magazine-style compilations of filmed news events from around the world organized in a sequence of short reports.
Fox studio were the first to produce them. |
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| Contemporary movie theaters that exhibit many movies at the same time on multiple screens |
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| An early tactic of movie studios to control exhibition, involving pressuring theater operators to accept marginal films with no stars in order to get access to films with the most popular stars. |
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| Political newspapers which would generally argue only the political point of view of the particular party that subsidized the paper |
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Newspapers that, because of technological innovations, were able to lower their price to 1 cent, and thereby making papers affordable to the working and middle class.
This enables newspapers to become a mass medium |
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| Commercial organizations such as AP that share nes stories and information by relaying them around the country and the world, originally via telegraph and now via satellite transmission |
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Emphasized high-interest stories, sensational crime news, large headlines, and serious reports that exposed corruption, particularly in business and government.
It peaked in the 1890s |
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| A journalism style in which news reports begin with the most dramatic or newsworthy information at the top of the story, and then trail off with less significant details. |
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| Consensus-oriented Journalism |
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| Used for newspapers found in small communities that carry articles on local schools, social events, town government, property crimes, and zoning issues, as well as provide community calendars and meeting notices. |
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| Conflict-oriented journalism |
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Used in newspapers found in metropolitan areas that define news primarily as as events, issues, or experiences that deviate from social norms.
Journalists see their role as observers who monitor their citi's institutions and problems |
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| Radical newspapers that run on shoestring budgets. They question mainstream political policies and conventional values. |
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| The space in a newspaper not taken up by ads. This is where the news content is placed |
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| A company that owns several papers throughout the country |
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| Joint Operating Agreement |
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An economic arrangement that permits competing newspapers to operate separate editorial divisions while merging business and production operations.
It was passed by Congress in 1970 to help keep failing papers in business |
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| A fee charged to access online news content |
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| When ordinary people use the Internet and blogs to disseminate news and information |
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| A nondaily periodical that comprises a collection of articles, stories, and ads. |
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| Reporters who were willing to crawl around in society's muck to uncover a story |
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| General-interest magazines |
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| address a wide variety of topics and are aimed at a broad national audience |
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| The total number of people who come into contact with a single copy of a magazine |
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| Magazines that appear exclusively online |
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| newspapers that push the limits of both decency and credibility, and feature bizarre human-interest stories, gruesome murder tales, violent accident accounts, unexplained phenomena stories, and malicious celebrity gossip |
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| National magazines whose content is tailored to the interests of different geographic areas |
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| editions of magazines targeted at particular groups of consumers |
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| Subscriptions that automatically renew on a credit card account unless subscribers request that the automatic renewal be stopped |
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| Self-published magazines produced on personal computer systems or the internet |
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Paper the Egyptians used, made from plant reeds found along the Nile River.
One of the first substances to hold written language and symbols. |
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| Treated animal skin that replaced papyrus in Europe. |
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| When sheets of paper were applied to blocks of inked wood which raised surfaces depicting hard-carved letters and illustrations |
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Created the first method for mass production of written works. It greatly reduced the size and cost of books and made them more available.
Invented by Johannes Guttenburg. |
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| Machines that enabled printers to save time by setting type mechanically using a typewriter-style keyboard |
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| A digital book read on a computer or digital reading device |
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| Editors who attend to specific problems in writing or length |
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| Internet based publishing houses that degin and distribute books for comparatively low prices for authors who want to self-publish a title. |
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| a type of book made of sheets of parchment and sewn together along the edge, then bound with thin pieces of wood and covered with leather. |
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| Books made with less expensive paper covers. They were introduced in the US in the mid-1800s. |
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| Buying spaces for particular goods to appear in a TV show, movie, or music video |
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| Hidden or disguised print and visual messages that allegedly register in the subconscious and fool people into buying products |
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| large ad firms that form by merging several agencies and maintain regional offices worldwide |
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| The department in advertising and public relations agencies that uses social science technique to assess the behaviors and attitudes of consumers toward particular products before an ads are created. |
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| The study of audience or consumers by age, gender, occupation, ethnicity, education, and income |
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| A research approach that attempts to categorize consumers according to their attitudes, beliefs, interests, and motivations |
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| A small-group interview technique in which a moderator leads a discussion about a product or an issue, usually with 6 to 12 people |
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| A sort of blueprint or roughly drawn comic-strip version of the potential ad |
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| Short videos or other content that (marketers hope) quickly gains widespread attention as users share it with friends online, or by word of mouth. |
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| Famous-person Testimonial |
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| When a product is endorsed by a well-known person |
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| An ad technique that associates a product with simplicity and the common person |
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| Attempts to persuade consumers that using a product will maintain or elevate their social status |
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| Points out in exaggerated claims that everyone is using a particular product |
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| Plays on the consumer's sense of insecurity |
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| Creating a product-name recognition by being annoying or obnoxious |
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| The total communication strategy conducted by a person, government, or organization attempting to reach and persuade an audience to adopt a point of view |
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| The first PR practitioners who sought to advance a client's image through media exposure, primarily via stunts staged for newspapers. |
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| A communication strategically placed, either as advertising or as publicity, to gain public support for a special issue, program, or policy |
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| Announcements written in the style of news reports that give new information about an individual, company, or organization and pitch a story idea to the news media |
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| Thirty to ninety-second visual press releases designed to mimic the style of a broadcast news report |
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| Public Service Announcements |
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| Fifteen to sixty second audio or video reports that promote government programs, educational projects, volunteer agencies, or social reform |
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| Any circumstance created for the sole purpose of gaining coverage in the media. |
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| Attempting to influence lawmakers to support and vote for an organization's or industry's best interests |
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| A derogatory term that journalists call PR agents |
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| A type of PR communication that uses various media messages to spread information about a person, corporation, issue, or policy, whether good or bad |
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| Occurs when a single firm dominates production and distribution in a particular industry |
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| When just a few firms dominate an industry |
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| A media market with many producers and sellers, but only a few products within a particular category |
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When media products are supported primarily by consumers
These are things like Books, CDs, movies, or internet. |
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When media products are supported primarily by advertisers.
Such as things like Radio, TV broadcasts, magazines, and Web sites |
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| Increasing production levels to reduce the cost for each product |
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| The act of removing or reducing state regulations |
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| The corporate strategy of buying, selling, dividing, and combining different companies. It can help an enterprise grow rapidly. |
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| The acceptance of the dominant values in a culture by those who are subordinate to those who hold economic and political power. |
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| When American media shapes the cultures and identities of other nations because American styles in fashion, food, and media dominate the global market |
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