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| process of creating symbol systems that convey information and meaning (ex: language, Morse code, firm, computer codes) |
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| symbols of expression that individuals, groups, and societies use to make sense of daily life |
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| the cultural industries--the channels of communication--that produce and distribute songs, novels, news, movies, online computer services, and other cultural products to a large number of people |
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| the process of designing and delivering cultural messages and stories to diverse audiences through media channels as old as the book and as new as the Internet |
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| images, texts, and sounds that use pulses of electric current or flashes of laser lights and are converted (or encoded) into electronic signals represented as varied combinations of binary numbers, usually ones and zeros; these signals are then reassembled (decoded) as a precise reproduction of a TV picture, a magazine article, or a telephone voice |
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| an individual who posts or publishes an ongoing personal or opinion journal or log online |
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| process whereby old and new media are available via the integration of personal computers and high-speed satellite-based phone or cable links |
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| second definiton for media convergence; a particular business model that is favored by corporate interests |
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| the authors, producers, agencies, and organizations that transmit messages to receivers |
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| newspapers, books, magazines, radio, television, or the Internet |
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| target of messages crafted by a sender |
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| editors, producers, and other media managers who functin as message filters, making decisions about what types of messages actually get produced for particular audiences |
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| responses from receivers to the senders of messages |
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| phenomenon whereby audiences seek messages and meanings that correspond to their preexisting beliefs and values |
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| a symbolic expression that has come to mean "good taste"; often supported by wealthy patrons and corporate donors, it is associated with fine art (such as ballet, the symphony, painting, and classical literature), which is available primarily in theaters or museums |
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| a symbolic expression allegedly aligned with the questionable tastes of the "masses," who enjoy the commercial "junk" circulated by the mass media, such as soap operas, rock music, talk radio, comic books, and monster truck pulls |
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| a historical era spanning the time from the rise of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries to the present; its social values include celebrating the individual, believing in rational order, working efficiently, and rejecting tradition |
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| a contemporary historical era spanning the 1960s to the present; its social values include opposing hierarchy, diversifying and recycling culture, questioning scientific methods, such as using poll surveys and questionnaires, journalism can better offer a valid portrait of social reality |
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| process whereby a media-literate person or student studying mass communication forms and practices employs the techniques of description, analysis, interpretation, evaluation, and engagement |
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| an understanding of the mass communication reserach, it attempts to understand, explain, and predict the impact or effects of the mass media on individuals and society |
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| texts, images, and sounds transmitted from senders to receivers |
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| one of the first substances to hold written language and symbols; obtained from plant reeds found along the Nile River |
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| treated animal skin that replaced papyrus as an early pre-paper substance on which to document written language |
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| an early type of book in which paperlike sheets were cut and sewed together along the edge, then bound with thin pieces of wood and covered with leather |
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| a period during the Middle Ages when priests and monks advanced the art of book-making |
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| books from the Middle Ages that featured decorative, colorful designs and illustrations on each page |
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| an early tactic of movie studios to control exhibition involving pressuring theater operators to accept marginal films with no stars in order to get access to films with starts |
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| a 15th century invention whose movable metallic type technology spawned modern mass communication by creating the 1st method for mass production; reduced the size and cost of books, made them the first mass medium afforadable to less affluent people, and provided the impetus for the Industrial Revolution, assembly-line production, modern capitalism, and the rise of consumer culture |
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| handmade paper made from treated animal skin, used i nthe Gutenberg Bibles |
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| books made with cheap paper covers introduced in the U.S. in the mid-1800s |
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| sometimes identified as pulp fiction, these cheaply produced and low-priced novels were popular in the U.S. beginning in the 1860s |
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| term used to describe many late 19th century popular paperbacks and dime novels, which were constructed of cheap machine-made pulp material |
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| technology introduced in the 19th century that enable printers to set type mechanically using a typewriter-style keyboard |
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| a technology that enabled books to be printed from phontographic plates rather than metal casts, reducing the costs of color and illustrations and eventually permitting computers to perform typesetting |
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| companies that try to identify and produce the works of good writers |
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| most visible book industry segment, featuring hardbound and paperback books aimed at general readers and sold at bookstores and other retail outlets |
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| technical books that target various occupation groups and are not intended for the general consumer market |
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| books made for the el-hi (elementary and high school) and college markets |
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| low priced-paperback books sold mostly on racks in drugstores, supermarkets, and airports, as well as in bookstores |
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| in the book industry, a marketing strategy that involves publishing a topical book quickly after a major event occurs |
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| Bibles, hymnals, and other materials related to religious observances |
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| dictionaries, encyclopedias, atlases, and other reference manuals related to particular professions or trades |
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| segment of the book industry that publishes scholarly books in specialized areas |
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| in the book industry, editors who seek out and sign quthors to contracts |
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| in the book industry, selling the rights to a book for use in other media forms, such as a mass market paperback, a CD-ROM, or the basis for a movie screenplay |
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| in book publishing, the editors who provide authors with feedback, make suggestions for improvements, and obtain advice from knowledgeable members of the academic community |
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| people in magazine, newspaper, and book publishing who attend to specific problems in writing such as style, content, and length |
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| publishing industry personnel who work on teh look of a book, making decisions about type style, paper, cover design, and layout |
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| a large retail business that sells books, recording, and new media; this contemporary trend in bookselling adapts the large retail store concept to the publishing industry |
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| internet-based publishing houses that design and distribute books for comparatively low prices for authors who awnt to self-publish a title |
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| electronic books that can be downloaded to portable e-book reading devices |
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| nondaily periodical that comprises a collection of articles, stories, and ads |
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| a style of early-20th century investigative journalism that referred to reporters who were willing to crawl around in society's muck to uncover a story |
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| general-interest magazines |
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| type of magazine that adresses a wide variety of topics and is aimed at a broad national audience |
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| use of photos to document events and people's lives |
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| the total number of people who come into contact with a single copy of a magazine |
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| national magazines whose content is tailored to the interests of different geographic areas |
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| editions of national magazines that tailor adsto different geographic areas |
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| national magazines whose advertising is tailored to subscribers and readers according to occupation, class, and zip code address |
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| newspapers that feature bizarre human-interest stories, gruesome murder tales, violent accident accounts, unexplained phenomena stories, and malicious celebrity gossip |
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| magazines that publish on the Internet |
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| a computer technology that enables an aspiring publisher/editor to inexpensively write, design, lay out, and even print a small newsletter or magazine |
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| self-publishes magazines produced on personal computer programs or on the Internet |
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| an early dominant style of American journalism distinguished by opinion newspapers which generally argued one political point of view or pushed the plan of the particular party that subsidized that paper |
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| refers to newspapers that, because of technological innovations in printing, were able to drop their price to one cent beginning in the 1830s, thereby making papers affordable to working and emerging middle classes and enabling newspapers to become a genuine mass medium |
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| news accounts that focus on the trials and tribulations of the human condition, often featuring ordinary individuals facing extraordinary challenges |
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| commercial organizations suhc as the Associated Press that share news stories and information by relaying them around the country and the world, originally via telegraph and now via satellite transmission |
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| a newspaper style or era that peaked in the 1890s, it emphasized high-interest stories, sensational crime news, large headlines, and serious reports that exposed corruption, particularly in business and government |
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| modern style of journalism that distinguishes factual reports from opinion colums; reports strive to remain neutral toward the issue or event they cover, seraching out competing points of view among the sources for a story |
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| a style of journalism in which news reports begin with the most dramatic or newsworthy information--answering who, what where, and when (and less frequently why or how) questions at the top of the story and then tail off with less significant details |
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| type of journalism that invovles analyzing and explaining key issues or events and placing them in a broader historical or social context |
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often associated with a journalistic trend in the 1960s but actually part of a tradition that dates to the early days of the partisan press, this approach to journalism features the reporter actively promoting a particular cause or viewpoint |
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| type of journalism that attempts to push news reporting in the direction of science, maintaining that by applying rigorous social science methods, such as using poll surveys and questionnaires, journalism can better offer a valid portrait of social reality |
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| news reports that adapt fictional storytelling techniques to nonfictional material; sometimes called new jouranlism |
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| consensus-oriented journalism |
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| journalism found in small communities, newspapers that promote social and economic harmony by providing community calendars and meeting notices and carrying articles on local schools, social events,town government, property crimes and zoning issues |
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| conflicted-oriented journalism |
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journalism found in metropolitan areas, newspapers that define news primarily as events, issues, or experienes that deviate from social norms; journalists can see their role as observers who monitor their city's institutions and problems |
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| space leftover in a newspaper for news content after all the ads are placed |
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| commercial outlets or brokers, such as Unite Feartures and King Features, that contract with newspapers to provide work from well-known political writers, editorial cartoonists, comic strip artists and self help columnists |
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| joint operating agreement (JOA) |
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| in the newspaper industry, an economic arrangement, sanctioned by the government, that permits competing newspapers to operate separate editorial divisions while merging business and production operations |
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| large companies that own several papers throughout the country |
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