Term
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Definition
| Buying spaces to have your goods appear on TV or a movie |
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Term
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Definition
| Individuals who purchased space in newspapers and sold it to various merchants |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to hidden or disguised print and visual messages that allegedly register on the subconscious and fool people into buying products. |
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Definition
| A phrase that attempts to sell a product by capturing its essence in words |
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Term
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Definition
| large ad firms that are formed by merging several individual agencies that maintain world wide regional offices |
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Term
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Definition
| Smaller agencies that devoted their talents to a handful of select clients |
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Term
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Definition
| market research that studied and documented audience members' age, gender, occupation, ethnicity, education, and income |
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Term
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Definition
| a research approach that attempts to categorize consumers according to their attitudes, beliefs, interests, and motivations |
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Term
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Definition
| A small-group interview technique in which a moderator leads a discussion about a product or an issue, usually with six to twelve people |
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Term
| Value and Lifestyles (VALS) |
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Definition
| A strategy which divides consumers into types using a questionnaire |
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Term
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Definition
| a department of agencies that assesses the behaviors and attitudes of consumers toward particular products long before any ads are created |
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Term
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Definition
| A blueprint or roughly drawn comic-strip version of a potential ad |
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Term
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Definition
| people who choose and purchase types of media that are best suited to carry a clients ads and reach the target audience |
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Term
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Definition
| Advertising in which a variety of media are inundated with ads aimed at target audiences |
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Term
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Definition
| Individuals responsible for bringing in new business and managing the accounts of established clients |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of evaluating and reinvigorating a product's image by reviewing an existing ad agency's campaign or by inviting several new agencies to submit new campaign strategies, which may result in the product company switching agencies |
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Term
| Famous Person Testimonials |
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Definition
| Whereby a product is endorsed by a well-known person |
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Term
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Definition
| Associates a product with simplicity, showing how new technologies fit into the lives of ordinary people |
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Term
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Definition
| Attempts to persuade consumers that using a product will maintain or elevate their social status |
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Definition
| Points out in exaggerated claims that everyone is using a particular product |
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Definition
| plays on consumers' sense of insecurity |
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Definition
| Creating product-name recognition by being annoying or obnoxious |
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Term
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Definition
| A persuasive technique used in most consumer ads by associating a product some cultural value or image that has a positive connotation but may not have any real connection |
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Term
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Definition
| Provides insights into how ads work at a general cultural level |
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Term
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Definition
| Any print or broadcast expression for which a fee is charged to organizations and individuals buying time or space in the mass media |
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Term
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Definition
| 30 minute late-night and daytime programs usually feature fading TV and music celebrities who advertise a product or service in a format that looks like a laid-back talk show |
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Term
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Definition
| Ads that pop up in new screen windows as the user attempts to access a new web pages |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| One type of PR communications: messages spread information about a person, corp., issue or policy in various media |
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Term
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Definition
| Covers a wide array of actions, such as shaping the image of a politician or celebrity, repairing the image of a major corporation, establishing two-way communication between consumers and companies, and molding wartime propaganda |
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Term
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Definition
| Those who sought to advance a clients image through media exposure, primarily via stunts staged for newspapers |
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Term
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Definition
| any circumstance created for the purpose of gaining coverage in the media |
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Term
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Definition
| Communication strategically placed, wither as advertising or as publicity, to gain pblic support for a special issue, program, or policy, such as a nation's war effort |
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Term
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Definition
| Announcements, written in the style of news reports, that give new information about an individual, a company, or an organization and pitch a story idea to the news media |
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Term
| Video News Releases (VNRs) |
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Definition
| 30 to 90 second visual PR stories packaged to mimic the style of a broadcast news report |
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Term
| Public Service Announcements (PSA) |
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Definition
| 15 to 60 second reports or announcements for radio or television that promote government programs, educational projects, volunteer agencies, or social reform |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of attempting to influence the voting of lawmakers to support an organization's or and industry's best interest |
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Term
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Definition
| Phony grass-roots public affairs campaigns engineered by public relations firms |
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Term
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Definition
| Derives from military flack, come to mean PR people who insert themselves between their employers/clients and members of th press |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when a single firm dominates production and distribution in a particular industry, whether nationally or locally |
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Term
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Definition
| Describes an economic situation in which just a few firms dominate an industry |
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Term
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Definition
| Sometimes called monopolistic competition, characterizes a media market with many producers and sellers but only in a few differentiable products within a particular category |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves media products supported primarily by consumers, who pay directly for a book, cd, a movie, an internet service provide, or a cable TV subscription |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves media products supported primarily by advertisers, who pay for the quantity or quality of audience members that a particular medium delivers |
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Term
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Definition
| A principle that refers to the practice of increasing production levels so as to reduce the overall cost per unit |
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Term
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Definition
| Typically refers to the promotion and sale of different versions of a media product across the various subsidiaries of a media conglomerate |
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Term
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Definition
| The culture of a place (e.g. America) shaping the cultures an identities of other nations |
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Term
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Definition
| Information most worth of transformation into news stories |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of gathering info and making narrative reports- edited by individuals in for-profit news organizations-that offer selected frames of reference |
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Term
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Definition
| In most news reporting, especially foreign coverage, reporters judge other countries cultures on the basis of how "they live up to or imitate American practices and values" |
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Term
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Definition
| An underlying value, contending that journalists sometimes naively assume that businesspeople compete with one another not primarily to maximize profits but "to create increased prosperity for all." |
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Term
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Definition
| Favoring small over the large and the rural over the urban |
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Term
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Definition
| The most prominent value underpinning daily journalism. They look for it and they pride themselves on being it |
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Term
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Definition
| Any situation in which journalists may stand to benefit personally from stories they produce |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when reporters stake out a house or follow a story in such large groups that the entire profession comes under attack for invading people's privacy and exploiting their personal tradgedies. |
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Term
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Definition
| The TV equivalent of a quote in print news, a sound bite is the part of broadcast news report which an expert, celebrity, victim, or person-on-the-street responds in an interview to some aspect of an event or issue |
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Term
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Definition
| Attempting to understand, explain, and predict the effects of mass media on individuals and society |
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Term
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Definition
| Typically call-in, online, or person-in-the-street polls that media uses to address a "question of the day" |
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Term
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Definition
| Also called the magic bullet theory or the direct effects model. It suggests that the media shoot their potent effects directly into unsuspecting victims |
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Term
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Definition
| We selectively expose ourselves to media messages that are most familiar to us |
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Term
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Definition
| we retain messages that confirm the values and attitudes we already hold |
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Term
| Uses and gratifications model |
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Definition
| Under this model, researchers-usually using in-depth interviews to supplement survey questionnaires-studied the ways in which people sued the media to satisfy various emotional or intellectual needs |
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Term
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Definition
1)identify the problem
2)Review pre-existing info related
information
3)Develop a hypothesis
4)Determine a method
5)Collect info or relevant data
6)Analyze results
7)Interpret |
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Term
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Definition
| Tentative general statements that predict a relationship between a dependent variable that is influenced by a independent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| Isolate some aspect of content, suggest a hypothesis, and manipulate variables to discover a particular medium's impact on attitude, emotion, or behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Selected from a group, every subject has an equal chance of being picked |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of collecting and measuring data taken from a group of respondents |
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Term
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Definition
| Long range studies which make it possible for social scientists to compare new studies with those conducted years earlier |
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Term
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Definition
| To study the messages of print and visual media |
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Term
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Definition
| Attention, retention, motor reproduction and motivation (We learn are replicate things we see in media: BoBo Doll) |
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Term
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Definition
| When mass media pays attention to particular events or issues, they determine- that is, set the agenda for- the major topics of discussion for individuals and society |
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Term
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Definition
| Suggests that heavy viewing of television leads individuals to perceive reality in ways that are consistent with television portrayals |
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Term
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Definition
| A theory that links the mass media, social psychology, and the formation of public opinion. People who find out their views are controversial and that they are in a minority, keep quiet |
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Term
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Definition
| A body of research challenging the mainstream media effects models in the 1960s. |
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Term
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Definition
| The close reading and interpretation of the meanings of culture, including the study of books, movies and TV programs |
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Term
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Definition
| Researcher generally argued that people engage in selective exposure and selective retention with regard to the media |
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Term
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Definition
| Elites and Rulers run the entire country and are in control of everything |
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Term
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Definition
| Press control resides in government |
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Term
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Definition
| Flip side of state and authoritarian systems encourages vigorous government criticism and supports the highest degree of freedom for individual speech and news operations |
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Term
| social responsibility model |
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Definition
| That the media is responsible for the role it plays in society |
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Term
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Definition
| Courts and governments cannot block any publication or speech before it actually occurs, on the principle that a law has not been broken until an illegal act has been committed |
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Term
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Definition
| legally protects the rights of authors and producers to their published or unpublished writing, music, and lyrics, TV programs and movies, or graphic art designs |
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Term
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Definition
| Spoken language that defames a person's character |
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Term
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Definition
| defamation of character in written or broadcast expression |
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Term
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Definition
| Means that the reporter or editor knew the statement was false and printed or broadcast it anyway, or acted with a reckless disregard for the truth. |
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Term
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Definition
| The privilege to report judicial or legislative proceedings even though the public statements being reported may be libelous |
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Term
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Definition
| A person's right to be left alone, without his or her name, image, or daily activities becoming public policy |
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Term
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Definition
1)The average person, applying contemporary community standards, would find that the material as a whole appeals to prurient interest
2)The material depicts or describes sexual conduct in a patently offensive way
3)The material, as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value |
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Term
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Definition
| Orders issued to prohibit the press from releasing preliminary information that might prejudice jury selection |
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Term
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Definition
| Protect reporters from having to reveal their sources for controversial information used in news stories |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Mandates that during elections broadcast stations must provide equal opportunities and response time for qualified political candidates |
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Term
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Definition
1) had to air and engage in controversial-issue program that affected their communities
2) When offering such programming, to provide competing views |
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Term
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Definition
| That the media is an unofficial branch of government |
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Term
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Definition
| A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. |
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Term
| Major depressive disorder |
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Definition
| A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the abscene of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure inmost activities. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state. |
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Term
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Definition
| A now-rare psychsurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain. |
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Term
| Antisocial personality disorder |
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Definition
| A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist. |
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Term
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Definition
| A personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics. |
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Term
| Cognitive-behavior therapy |
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Definition
| A popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy ( changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior). |
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Term
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Definition
| A procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies. |
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Term
| Thematic Appreciation Test (TAT) |
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Definition
| A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes. |
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Term
| Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) |
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Definition
| A psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. |
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Term
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Definition
| A questionnaire, often with true-false or agree-disagree items, on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits. |
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Term
| Dissociative identity disorder (DID) |
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Definition
| A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder. |
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Term
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Definition
| A readiness to perceive oneself favorably. |
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Term
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Definition
| A test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups. |
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Term
| Systematic desensitization |
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Definition
| A type of counter-conditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of counter-conditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol) |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Maslow, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential. |
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Term
| Unconditional positive regard |
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Definition
| According to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard |
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Term
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Definition
| All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "who am I?" |
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Term
| Post-traumatic stress disorder |
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Definition
| An anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience. |
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Term
| Obsessive-compulsive Disorder |
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Definition
| An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions). |
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Term
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Definition
| An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations. |
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Term
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Definition
| An approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy. |
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Term
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Definition
| An emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties. |
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Term
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Definition
| An emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties. |
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Term
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Definition
| An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting |
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Term
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Definition
| An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats. |
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Term
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Definition
| An unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action. |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Carl Jung's concept of shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history. |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains an reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification. |
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Term
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Definition
| Defense mechanisms that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional behavior patterns. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated)from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings. |
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Term
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Definition
| Empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client centered therapy. |
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Term
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Definition
| False beliefs, often of persecutions or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
| Feelings, often based on our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects people, and events. |
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Term
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Definition
| Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions. |
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Term
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Definition
| In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing. |
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Term
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Definition
| In psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight. |
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Term
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Definition
| In psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material. |
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Term
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Definition
| In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness. |
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Term
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Definition
| In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality. |
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Term
| Informational social influence |
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Definition
| Influence resulting from one's willingness to accept other's opinions about reality |
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Term
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Definition
| Involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target D2 dopamine receptors. |
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Term
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Definition
| One's feelings of high or low self-worth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless. |
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Term
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Definition
| Overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as we presume a spotlight shines on us). |
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Term
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Definition
| Physiological disorders caused by emotional extremes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proposes that faith in one's world view and the pursuit of self-esteem provide protection against a deeply rooted fear of death. |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others. |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings. |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated. |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet. |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety |
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Term
|
Definition
| Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transference's-and the therapist's interpretations of them-released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight. |
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Term
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Definition
| Suggests how we explain someone's behavior-by crediting wither the situation or the person's disposition. |
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Term
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Definition
| Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition), a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders. Presently distributed in an updated "text revision" (DSM-IV-TR) |
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Term
| repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) |
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Definition
| The application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| The childhood stages of development(oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones. |
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Term
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Definition
| The enhancement of a prevailing group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group. |
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Term
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Definition
| The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events. |
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Term
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Definition
| The interacting influences between personality and environmental factors |
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Term
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Definition
| The largely conscious, "executive" parts of the personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically being pleasure rather than pain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. |
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Term
| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) |
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Definition
| The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The most widely used prjective test, a set of ten inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The part of the personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscience) and for future aspirations. |
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Term
| External Locus of control |
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Definition
| The perception that chance or outside forces beyond one;s personal control determine one's fate. |
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Term
| Internal locus of control |
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Definition
| The perception that one controls one's own fate. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parent's values into their developing superegos. |
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Term
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Definition
| The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior. |
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Term
| Regression toward the mean |
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Definition
| The tendency for extremes of unusual scores to fall back toward their average. |
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Term
| Fundamental attribution error |
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Definition
| The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of the personal disposition. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The tendency for people in a group to exert effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable |
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Term
| Foot-in-the-door phenomenon |
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Definition
| The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request. |
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Term
| Cognitive dissonance theory |
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Definition
| The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two or more thoughts (cognition) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we cab reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Therapy that treats the family as a system. Views as an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members; attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication. |
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Term
| Social-cognitive perspective |
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Definition
| Views behaviors as influenced by the interaction between persons (and their thinking) and their social context. |
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