What are the average costs to raise a child to eighteen by economic standards?

Middle income=

higher income=

middle income= $165,000

higher income=$242,000

Increased tension and unhappiness, poorer living conditions,

Women most likely single parents, less likely to marry, be educated, and more likely to have stress

Children likely poor school performance, higher dropout rates, higher risk teen pregnancy, less involved father, continued cycle of poverty

Dual earner-both have jobs, generally hourly

Dual career- requires education, salaried worker, more oppurtunity for advancement)

involvement has doubled since the 1960s

responsible for almost a third of housework even though they often work more outside the home

Helps children develop problem solving capacity

increases a child's trust in their father

alllows a child to express new emotions

fathers show increased empathy toward their children

reduces fathers stress they have fewer problems with childrens behavior

What are some potential consequences of growing up without a father?

most likely to live in poverty

have lower educational attainment

more behavioral problems

likely to reapeat the pverty cycle

early involvement leads to later positive interaction

higher cognitive ability in children

higher self confidence in children

better interpersonal relationships for children

fewer behavioral problems

permissive parenting style

greater anti-social behavior

more likely to hit spouse

depression

suicide ideation

fear of parents

more aggression

only works short term

offer acceptable alternatives

works well with infants and young toddlers by giving them new toys or activities to engage

helps child gain self control

quiet unstimulation environment

use induction and reasoning

logical - logically follows the mistaken behavior (you spilled milk so now you must clean it up)

natural - cause and effect relationship (touch hot stove, get burned)

being an example of behavior

an enduring social-emotional bond between infants and parents

developed through communication from caregiver

Secure

insecure

trust

confidence

avoidant

anxious/ambivelant

disorganized

less dependent on adults and more curious

more competent in problem solving

more able to make and maintain friendships

develp peer realtionships more readily

both too much and too little stress are problematic for daily functioning

moderate levels of stress are positive

1. onset- define problema nd accept crisis exists

2. disorganization- shock and disbelief

3. reorganization- take remedial action to get family back to stability

The more resources the family has and the more the family perceives they have the ability to deal with the crisis the more likely they will manage the crisis

A- the stressor

B- the families resources

C- the definition the family gives to the stressor

X- the amount of crisis

Denial

Avoidance

Scapegoating

first seven years

at midlife (young teenage children)

lessons conflict

provides win-win oppurtunity because own plan can be agreed upon

gain a commitment

define the issues, facts, information, needs, desires and feelings

employ solutions

help couple reach settlement and implement

health problems related to stress

financial problems

young girls adjust more easily than boys

non-residual parents

father's ccan boost boys achievement and reduce delinquency

quality of relationship is more important than frequency of visitation

distance a mediating factor of involvement

grandparents can be risk or protective factor

ongoing conflict risk factor

Parentification- reversal of child/parent roles

continued conflict between parents

role ambiguity

changes in time, resources, space

many positive relationships

birth of new child uniting factor

1- rising tesion phase

2- acute battering incident

3- honeymoon phase

man- increasingly irritable, frustrated, percieved losing of control

Women- frightened, tries extra hard, withdraws, may precipitate incident to difuse tension

kicking

hitting

biting

choking

shaking

shoving

man-contrite, loving, tender, courting behavior, promises reform

woman- loving, forgiving, believes man wants to change