Term
| Coastal Ecosystem Services |
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Definition
- Provisioning
- Functional/regulating
- Protective
- Aesthetic
- Cultural/Informational |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of the tide out to sea; “the tide was on the ebb”; “the ebb tide” |
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Term
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Definition
| The incoming or rising tide; the period between low water and the succeeding high water |
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Term
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Definition
| A measure of the turnover time for fresh water in an estuary |
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Term
| What are Jamaica Bay Resources? |
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Definition
•Recreational resource
•Wildlife preserve
•Part of the Atlantic flyway
•Rich in habitat
•Important to fisheries |
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Term
| In the early day of Jamaica Bay what was the bay like? |
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Definition
*its was used for Rereaction
-Rockaway Beach&fishing shanties
*Processing
-oil, fertilizer& fish wastse
*Refuse disposal
-Barren Island
-Pennsylvania Ave. landfill
-Fountain Ave. landfill
-Edgemere landfill
*Fertilizer production
-dead hourses and other another |
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Term
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Definition
| means low oxygen and is primarily a problem for estuaries and coastal waters. Hypoxic waters have dissolved oxygen concentrations of less than 2-3 ppm. Hypoxia can be caused by a variety of factors, including excess nutrients, primarily nitrogen and phosphorus, and waterbody stratification due to saline or temperature gradients |
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Term
| What about eutrophication? |
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Definition
| promote algal growth. As dead algae decompose, oxygen is consumed in the process, resulting in low levels of oxygen in the water.” - Mississippi River Basin |
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Term
| What are the 2 species of sea grass in Jamaica Bay? |
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Definition
*Spartina alternaflora
-Interior of bay
*Phrapmites austraslis
-Fringes of bay
**20% of bay is wetlands |
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Term
|
Definition
*Altered circulation-induced stratification
*Elimination of shellfish harvesting
*Restrictions on swimming
*Restrictions on recreation
*Alteration to topography
*Loss of wetwetlands
*Loss of eel grass
*Eutrophication
*Alterations in drainage
*Reduction of faunal diversity
*Hardened shorelines
*Dredged channels
*Health advisories for striped bass, bluefish, American eel, blue crabs |
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Term
| Why Are We Concerned About Garbage? |
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Definition
-Environmental problem
-Social problem
-Cost
-Economic indicator |
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Term
| Garbage and Economic Indicators |
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Definition
| “Trash is an economic indicator that probably shows up more subtly and earlier than reports by economists…It’s, in general, a reflection of how people are spending their money.” |
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Term
| Forces affecting the flow of MSW(Municipal Solid Waste) and Recyclables |
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Definition
-Federal law and policy
-State law and policy
-Municipal Law and Policy
-Public pressure
-Economics |
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Term
| What Caused the MSW Issue? |
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Definition
Growing dependence on packaging
Garbage barge
Declining landfill capacity
Groundwater contamination |
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Term
|
Definition
Traveled
-5 months
-6,000 miles
*New Orleans
*Mobile
*Key West
*Gulf of Mexico
*Belize |
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Term
| Managing MSW on Long Island |
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Definition
-35-40% Waste Reduction and Recycling
-45% WTE Facilities
-15-25% Off-island Transportation |
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Term
| Expiration of Major Long-term MSW Agreements |
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Definition
-2009
Brookhaven – Hempstead Intermunicipal Agreement
-2009
Hempstead – Ref-Fuel Service Agreement
**These agreements affect 1.2 million of Long Island’s 2.8 million residents |
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Term
New York City
The 800-pound Gorilla |
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Definition
No long-term waste management plan
Legally banned WTE facilities and landfilling
Depends on host communities to take waste |
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Term
| Alternatives to Truck Transport: |
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Definition
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Term
Transportation Alternatives
Marine transport of garbage is: |
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Definition
Cheaper
Less polluting
More fuel efficient
Safer
Less noise pollution |
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Term
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Definition
-Transportation of garbage
-C&D debris
*Gypsum (wall-board)
*Pressure treated wood
-Emissions from WTE
-Volume of garbage
-More disposable goods
-Leveling off of recycling |
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Term
| Reduce environmental impact of MSW |
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Definition
-Implement new technologies (plasma arc)
-Increase recycling (new materials, new strategies like RecycleBank)
-Reduce truck transport of MSW
-Improve education |
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Term
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Definition
| Economic Growth that allows the present generation to fulfill its needs without jeopardizing the needs of future generations. |
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Term
| Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) |
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Definition
| Solid waste generated at residences, commercial establishments, and institutions |
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Term
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Definition
| Discards that are theoretically dry (newspapers, boxes, cans) |
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Term
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Definition
| Wet discards (food remains, etc.) |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| All refuse plus construction and demolition debris |
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Term
| Options for the Part of the MSW |
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Definition
Landfill it – bury it
Ocean dump it – barge it
Incinerate it – burn it
Export it |
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Term
| Hierarchy for Waste Prevention and Management |
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Definition
-Reduction
-Recycling/Composting
-Incineration
-Landfilling |
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Term
| 1997 NY State Goal Waste Reduction/Recycling (Diversion) |
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Definition
Goal:
*Waste Reduction + Recycling = 50%
*Total Waste = 100 parts
*10 parts Waste Reduce + 40 parts *Recycled Recycling Rate = 40 parts/90 parts not reduced
= 44% recycling |
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Term
| The U.S. Supreme Court and Garbage |
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Definition
1963
*Philadelphia v. New Jersey
-Garbage was ruled to be a commodity and thus subject to interstate commerce laws.
1994
*City of Chicago v. Environmental
-Defense Fund
Requires that ash generated by incinerating MSW be treated as is other industrial waste. Decision did not rule that ash automatically be considered a toxic waste, but did require that it be tested for toxicity.
1994
*C&A Carbone et.al. v. Town of
-Clarkston et. al.
Voided efforts by municipalities to force private carters to dispose of wastes at specific facilities
2007
-United Haulers Association Inc. v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Management Authority
-Upheld the right of local governments to direct the flow of solid waste to publically owned waste facilities without running afoul of the Commerce Clause
Justified that in this case, unlike Carbone, the benefit was conferred on a public facility rather than a private one, and that all private companies were treated the same. |
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Term
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Definition
Phosphate detergent
Landfill Law (NYS for LI)
Plastic ban
Cell phones
Six-pack rings
Smoking |
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Term
| Environmental policy often develops from an environmental crisis and therefore is: |
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Definition
*reactive
*based on incomplete information |
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Term
| Criteria for a good environmental law |
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Definition
-Need
-Environmental impacts
-Public health impacts
-Alternatives
-Fairness
-Ability to be implemented and enforced
-Affordability |
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Term
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Definition
-Produced originally as substitutes for increasingly scarce naturally-occurring materials such as ivory, rubber, tortoise shell
-Industrial use of plastics began when John Wesley Hyatt sought to win a $10,000 prize offered for an inexpensive substitute for ivory billiard balls. |
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Term
|
Definition
-Undergoes chemical change when subjected to heat and pressure
-Computer casing |
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Term
|
Definition
-no permanent chemical change when heated and reheated
-Soda bottles |
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Term
| What’s Exempt from Local Law 10-1988 ? |
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Definition
-Any flexible transparent covering for uncooked or raw meat, poultry, fish, hard cheese, cold cuts, fruit and vegetable produce, baked goods, or bread
-Any food packaging used at hospitals or nursing homes
-Any paper or other cellulose-based packaging coated with polyethylene (PE) plastic on only one side
-Any plastic covers, covering material, food containers, lids eating utensils, or straws that are not made of PS or PVC
***The percentage of the plastics
waste stream, by weight, affected
by the Suffolk County Plastics
Law was 0.44 – 0.75% |
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Term
| LL 34-2007: A Local Law to Establish an At-Store Recycling Program for Plastic Bags |
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Definition
-First county-wide law in New York State requiring recycling of plastic bags.
-Plastic carryout bag – bag provided by a store at point of sale composed of LDPE, LLDPE, MDPE, HDPE. |
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Term
| Schematic of a Materials Recycling Facility |
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Definition
-Air sorter
-Magnetic Septerator
-Air blower
-Sieve |
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Term
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Definition
| Economic Growth that allows the present generation to fulfill its needs without jeopardizing the needs of future generations. |
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Term
| __% of roadside litter is plastic |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Hydraulic Fracturing? |
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Definition
| The physical and chemical means of breaking down shale to extract natural gas. |
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Term
| Where is fracking occering? |
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Definition
-in the Marcellus Shale
-Extends from Ohio and West Virginia to Pennsylvania and southern New York.
**Near Ithaca |
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Term
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Definition
| Oil and gas industry is exempt from provisions of the Safe Drinking Water Act. |
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Term
| Positive Implications of Fracking |
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Definition
Increase in construction jobs.
Increase in income levels.
Increase in local tax revenue.
Increase relatively clean energy supply. |
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Term
| Long Island Should Be Concerned |
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Definition
| Fracking waste water (proprietary, hazardous, and radioactive) may be sent to New York City, Nassau County, Suffolk County WPCPs for treatment and disposal |
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Term
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Definition
banned fracking waste water from County sewage treatment plants
proposed prohibiting the use of hydraulic fracturing brine on County property or roadways |
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Term
| Fracking Caused the 2011 Ohio Earthquakes |
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Definition
| fracking waste water injected into poorly understood geologic formations |
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Term
| Fracking has the potential to destroy the environment of New York in much the same way that strip mining has destroyed West Virginia. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| If an action can possibly be harmful to the environment or human health, then the action should be avoided to prevent any potential consequences. |
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Term
Final Thoughts on Fracking...
If hydrofracking is so safe and environmentally acceptable...
why does it need an exemption from the Safe Drinking Water Act?
&
why does New York City’s drinking water supply receive protection from fracking, but the rest of the State does not? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
= The introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of substances or energy to the marine environment
Ex. Shopping bags, plastics etcs |
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Term
|
Definition
=The introduction of man-made materials that increase the concentration of a substance in seawater, sediments, or organisms above the natural background level for the area or organisms
Ex. Runoff of N of P |
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Term
| Why are we so concerned about Pollution? |
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Definition
•Heavy metals
Mercury, cadmium, copper, lead, zinc
•Halogenated hydrocarbons
DDT, chlorinated pesticides, PCBs, dioxins, furans |
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Term
| What are some Wastes in the Oceans? |
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Definition
•Sewage
•Sewage sludge
•Agricultural runoff
•Heat-power plant discharges
•Radioactive wastes
•Oil
•Chemicals
•Marine debris
•Military and chemical warfare agents
•Aquaculture |
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Term
| Means to Limit Ocean Disposal |
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Definition
•Reduce waste generation
•Reuse waste materials
•Improve technology
•Prohibitions |
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Term
|
Definition
•Physical operations screening, floatation, and sedimentation
•Skimming
reduces course and floating solids and grease
•Settling
Reduces concentration and particle size of suspended solids
•60% TSS removed
•35% BOD removed |
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Term
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Definition
•A biological treatment process that follows primary treatment
•Removes most colloidal and dissolved material, increasing removal of TSS and BOD
•85% TSS removed
•85% BOD removed |
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Term
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Definition
•Processing beyond secondary treatment that can include nitrogen and phosphorous removal
•85-95% TSS removed
•85-95% BOD removed |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Know about... Hudson River Estuary Monitoring Plan/National Status and Trends Program: Mussel Watch |
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Definition
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Term
| Marine Environmental Legislation |
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Definition
•National Environmental Policy Act of 1970
•Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972
•Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act of 1972
•Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (Clean Water Act)
•Marine Mammals Protection Act of 1972
•Fisheries Conservation and Management Act of 1976
•Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976
•Resource Conservation and Recovery Amendments of 1984
•Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1987 (Clean Water Act)
•Plastics Pollution Research and Control Act of 1987
•Medical Waste Tracking Act of 1988
•Ocean Dumping Ban Act of 1988
•Oil Pollution Act of 1990
•National Invasive Species Act of 1996 |
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Term
| Sludge in NYS (Dry Weight) |
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Definition
Beneficial use 51%
Incinerated 31%
Landfilled 17%
Other 1% |
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Term
|
Definition
Surface water
Ground water |
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Term
| How radioactive substances reach people? |
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Definition
-Medical Treatment
-Aquatic food ingestion
-Water ingestion
-Milk ingestion
-Crop ingestion
-Exposure to deosited materials
-Direct irradiation |
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Term
| The use of radioisotopes in medicine is regulated by who? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
3 Types of
Medical Treatments Using Radioisotopes |
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Definition
Teletherapy
- Patient not radioactive
- Patient waste not radioactive
Diagnostic
- Radiopharmaceutical injected or ingested
- Patient is radioactive
- Patient waste is radioactive
Brachytherapy
- Radiation source placed inside body
- Patient is radioactive |
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Term
|
Definition
-Man-made isotope
-Environmental sources
Nuclear power plants
Weapons fallout
Medical/Research use
-8.04 day half-life
-Commonly used radioisotope in medicine
-Thyroid cancer and hyperthyroidism |
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Term
| Conclusions of Radioisotopes |
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Definition
131I concentrations in WPCPs are a function of the quantity and nature of hospital discharge they receive
131I concentrations are higher at the Stony Brook WPCP than the Port Jefferson and Oyster Bay WPCPs
131I concentrations are higher at the Stony Brook WPCP than any reported in the literature
131I concentrations vary daily and weekly at the Stony Brook WPCP
131I remains in the Stony Brook WPCP many days following patient treatment |
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Term
If patient excreta were not exempt from regulations, the annual discharge from the University Hospital may exceed the allowable limit for sewer disposal of 131I from other sources
Current sewage effluent and sewage sludge disposal methods represent definite pathways by which medical radioisotopes can enter the marine and terrestrial environments |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Factors Influencing Legislation/Policy |
|
Definition
1.Economics
2.Political leverage
3.Disaggregated centers of power |
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Term
|
Definition
Comprehensive approach to the oceans, on behalf of government, is lacking because economic benefits are viewed as limited
Ocean resources thought of in terms of individual contribution to particular industries. |
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Term
|
Definition
2000s – Era of Environmental Defense
Terrorism
Marine disease
Ocean Observations
Effects of Climate Change
Coastal Management – ecosystem based management |
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Term
|
Definition
Ecosystem-based management (EBM)
Coastal marine spatial planning (CMSP)
Governance structure to support the Council
Stakeholder outreach and planning |
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Term
|
Definition
Information
Direct regulation
Market incentives |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Jusr random concepts that may by on the exam... |
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Definition
lateral drift
coriolis effect
ekman transport
convergence zone |
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