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| Marine Science like other sciences acquires knowledge through a process called the _________ |
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_________ is the process of discovering unifying principles
in data obtained from the ocean.! |
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| The various objects in our solar system condensed about _______years ago.! |
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| Earth is density stratified. The ocean and atmosphere are the ______ dense layers.! |
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| Other planets and moons may have, or may have had, _____ |
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| Life on Earth may have arisen in the ____ |
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| Out of the total water what % is fresh and what % is salt? |
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| What takes up the most fresh water? |
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| What takes up most of surface/atmospheric water? |
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| The goal of Science is to |
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| discover all truths about the natural world |
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| A conditional explanation that can be verified or falsified |
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| An explanation that is supported by an overwhelming body of data and experience |
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| Science is the sum of ________ |
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________ are commonly used to lend significance to quantitative data and confidence in the
conclusions! |
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| Probability and Statistics |
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| Good benchmarks for measuring change & precise, easily compared |
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| Measure of how likely something is & high degree of scientific certainty |
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| Important tools in both planning & evaluating scientific studies, sample size, number of replications is important |
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| Overarching models of the world that guide our interpretation of events |
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| Occurs when a majority of scientists accept that the old explanation no longer explains new observations very well |
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| __________ are sometimes contentious and political |
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| As the universe expanded, it ______, allowing the formation of _______, which then formed stars and ________ |
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Definition
"Big Bang Theory"
-cooled
-atoms
-galaxies |
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| All matter in the universe was compressed to an infinitesimal point known as a |
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| The universe __________________for the first 10-37 seconds |
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Sequence of events that formed our solar system:
A nebula_______. As it contracts it heats flattens, and spins faster.______________ remain gaseous, but other elements condense to form the “seeds” for building planets. Seeds collide together, larger ones attract others by __________, growing bigger still |
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| Most of the substance of Earth, its ocean, and all living things, was formed by ______ |
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| Every chemical _____________________ was manufactured and released into space by stars. |
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| Our sun, like all normal stars, is powered by _________ |
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| Young Earth was ! probably a ___________ mixture of materials |
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| ________________caused Earth to partially melt |
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| _______ moved iron ! toward the center of Earth, forming the core |
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| ___________ minerals migrated to Earth’s surface and formed the crust |
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| Density stratification results in an ______ and ______core, a mantle and _______. |
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| _________ stripped away Earth’s first atmosphere! |
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Definition
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______, including water vapor, released by the process of
outgassing, replaced the first atmosphere. |
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Definition
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| Water vapor in the atmosphere condensed into ______ |
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Definition
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| Eventually, _________________________ for water to collect in basins |
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Definition
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| Our Sun will begin to die in ________years |
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| 6 billion years from now the sun will enter the _______and will engulf the _____ planets. |
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Definition
| moons of the planet Jupiter |
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| _____may have had an ocean in the ! distant past! |
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| __________Saturn’s largest moon, may have an ocean of hydrocarbons |
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| AREA = ___________km2 (____% of Earth␣s surface) |
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Definition
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| Average TEMPERATURE = ____________ |
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| Pacific Ocean is the _____ ocean |
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Pacific:
World␣s _______, covers ____ of the Earth␣s surface |
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Definition
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| Mariana Trench is located where? |
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Definition
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| Long, narrow S-shaped ocean |
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Atlantic:
Relatively ________ - mid-Atlantic Ridge |
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Definition
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| ______ is the largest island |
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Definition
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| Mostly in the Southern Hemisphere |
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Definition
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Indian:
Important ________for Egypt, Mesopotamia, and India |
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Definition
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Artic:
• _______ and _____ relative to other oceans |
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Definition
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| Mostly ␣land-locked␣, ice-covered, contains the North Pole |
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Definition
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| The study of the oceans began slowly, more for _______, economic and political reasons than for _______________ |
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Definition
-survival
-science discovery |
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| Eras of discovery and navigation |
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Definition
a. Prehistoric
b. Ancient Greeks and Romans
c. Middle Ages |
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Definition
| a. Natural History b. Other Scientific Endeavors |
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Definition
a. ____________ Advances
b. ____________ Applications |
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| ________developed barbed spears and harpoons |
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Definition
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| __________used bone fishhooks and nets |
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Definition
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| Copper fishhooks appeared around _______ BC |
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| Phoenicians trading across the Mediterranean Sea as early as ___________ |
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Definition
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| __________ (Egyptian, 230 BC), using principles you learned in geometry, made first known calculation of Earth␣s circumference: _______ mi, which is __________________________________. |
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Definition
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| ______ (Roman, 25 BC) observed ______ _______ and concluded that land periodically sank and rose, causing the ocean to cover land and then recede again. |
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Definition
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| _______ (150 AD) produced first World Atlas. Major flaw was that He estimated earth␣s circumference at ________ mi. This led ____________ |
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Definition
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| _______ used _______showing oceanic wave refraction patterns to help them navigate to small atolls over great distances. |
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Definition
Micronesians
-stick charts |
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| A ‘rebbilib’ stick chart depicts __________ _________________ |
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Definition
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| A ‘meddo’ stick chart depicts ___________ _________________. |
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Definition
| Smaller groups of islands |
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Definition
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| As we change directions of the waves, what happens to the swells? |
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Definition
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Definition
1. double hulled vessals
2. fire storage for years onboard
3. seed storage |
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| ________ navigators became more skilled and vessels became larger and more seaworthy, allowing long, distant voyages |
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Definition
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| The Chinese also developed the__________ |
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Definition
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| Exploration by Vikings ____________________ |
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Definition
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| _______ were the first to reach north america |
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Definition
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| At the equator, lattitude= |
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Definition
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| A degree _______ is always the same distance |
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| A degree _________ varies depending on your latitude |
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Definition
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| ______ could be calculated easily by measuring the height of the sun using a sextant |
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Definition
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| was more difficult, but it was discovered that it could be calculated using 2 clocks aboard ship - one keeping unadjusted local time from a known reference point, and the other was adjusted daily at high noon when the sun was at its highest point in the sky |
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Definition
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| 2 main problems making calculation of longitude difficult |
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Definition
| Different countries used different reference points & accuracy |
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| Who did the voyage of the beagle |
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Definition
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| What was the 1 exception that differed from the rest of the purposes to navigate? |
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Definition
| the challenger expidition |
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| ___________ remains history␣s longest continuous scientific oceanographic expedition |
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Definition
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| _________ needs:military, study winds and currents to improve safety and navigation |
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Definition
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| _________ needs: fisheries, oil, and minerals |
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Definition
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_________needs:
Fundamental interests in how the ocean works |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Remotely Operated Vehicle |
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Term
| ___________(AUV) (e.g. ARGO floats) |
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Definition
| Autonomous underwater vehicle |
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Term
| ______________Collecting data from aircraft or satellites Allow global perspective in near real-time Synoptic pictures of the oceans and atmosphere |
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Definition
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Term
| ____________Send echoed signals out from a transmitter, such as permanently moored observatory platforms |
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Definition
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| ____________Receive and record naturally-occurring signals (radiant energy) |
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Definition
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| _________is a key concept for understanding the structure of Earth. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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| ________a thin skin, surface to ~30 km deep; composed of low density rock consisting mostly of silicate minerals |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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| ________ occupies largest volume of the 3 layers, extends to 2900 km deep; composed of iron and magnesium silicate rock; is less dense and cooler than core. |
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Definition
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| __________center of the Earth, 2900 km to 6370 km; high density metal (Fe and Ni) composition |
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Definition
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| If earth were _________ throughout, seismic waves would radiate in ______ lines from the source (for example an earthquake) to a recorder. |
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Definition
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| The ______ and ________ of seismic waves provides the evidence that the earth has different layers. |
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Definition
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| the term _____________ describes the way the lithosphere is supported on the asthenosphere. |
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Definition
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| __________a thin skin, surface to ~30 km deep; composed of low density rock consisting mostly of silicate minerals |
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Definition
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| Oceanic crust is_______ and _______than continental crust |
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Definition
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| The continents and oceans are in _______␣␣– a theoretical balance in buoyancy |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ now known as Sea Floor Spreading or Plate Tectonics. |
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Definition
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| _________was an idea proposed in 1960 to explain the features of the ocean floor. |
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Definition
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| _______________ in the mantle were proposed as the force that caused the ocean to grow and the continents to move. |
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Definition
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Term
| Earth␣souterlayerisdivided into _____________ plates |
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Definition
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Term
| Earths plates float on the : |
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Definition
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Term
| Plate movement is powered by _______________ in the asthenosphere seafloor spreading, and the _________ ___________ of a descending plate␣s leading edge. |
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Definition
-convection currents
-downward pull |
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Term
| _________plate boundaries – Boundaries between plates moving apart and producing new lithosphere |
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Definition
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| Extension of ___________ boundaries causes splitting and rifting |
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Definition
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| Convergent boundaries are typically associated with ______________ |
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Definition
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| ________ and volcanoes are common along all plate boundaries, but ____ __________ are especially associated with convergent margins. |
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Definition
-earthquakes
-deep earthquakes |
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| Transform plate boundaries (shear boundaries) - Locations where adjacent crustal plates ___________________. |
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Definition
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Term
________ (constructive) – plates move away from each other; new
lithosphere is being added |
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Definition
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| _________(destructive) – plates move towards one another and collide or slip below one another; sea floor is destroyed, mountain ranges may be produced, volcanic activity high |
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Definition
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| _________ (shear) - plates slide past one another; often marked by large faults called transform faults |
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Definition
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Term
__________ evidence (fossils)
Similar fossils dating between 150 and 300 My occur today on several continents |
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Definition
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| Continents on opposite sides of the oceans fit together, ______ suggest spreading in the center of the ocean basin. |
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Definition
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| Over time, the earth’s _____________switches directions. This directionality is recorded in the past oceanic crust. |
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Definition
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Term
| Volcanic islands emerge from the seafloor above ________ ________________ called ␣hot spots␣ |
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Definition
| Stationary magma chambers |
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Term
| Currently the only island that is volcanically active is the big island of Hawaii – because it is the only one______ |
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Definition
| Sitting directly on top of a hot spot |
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Term
| this slow movement (_________) remakes the surface of Earth, causes earthquakes, forms volcanoes and mountains, expands and splits continents, and forms and destroys ocean basins |
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Definition
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| _____________ is the mapping of earth surface features on land. |
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Definition
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| _________The study of ocean depth and contours - is similar to topography in geography |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ are measurements of the water depth • nautical units are fathoms (6 ft)...oceanographers usually use meters |
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Definition
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| Some sounding leads had soft _____________to determine bottom composition, which gave the captain knowledge about the seafloor for anchoring purposes and data for producing nautical charts |
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Definition
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Term
| ______________ is a method of measuring seafloor depth using powerful sound pulses: |
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Definition
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Term
| ________, which can penetrate deep into the mantle, is used to determine the geological structure of the sea floor |
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Definition
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| __________data interprets the configuration, attitudes (positions) and thickness of the ocean floor and the rocks beneath the sea floor |
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Definition
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| _________________uses wave pulses that enter the ocean floor |
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Definition
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Term
______________
- Provides a sub- bottom profile of upper layers of ocean crust |
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Definition
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Term
| _____________- allows the calculation of densities, depths, and thicknesses of rock layers - crust and mantle |
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Definition
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Term
| _____________ can provide more accurate measurements than single beam echo sounders do. Multibeam systems collect data from as many as 121 simultaneous vertical beams to measure the contours of the ocean floor. |
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Definition
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Term
____________________
A type of towed multibeam echo sounder that sends its beams more horizontally |
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Definition
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| _____________ measures the sea surface height (SSH) from orbit. |
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Definition
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| Satellites can bounce _________ pulses of radar energy off the ocean surface every ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
SSH is slightly __________ over seamounts and ridges because
gravity pulls the water mass in a bulge over the seamount |
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Definition
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| SSH is slightly ________ over trenches due to lower gravitational pull |
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Definition
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| With the use of satellite altimetry, sea surface levels can be measured more accurately, showing sea surface distortion. Current sattelites are accurate to _____________________________! |
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Definition
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Term
_________________: ␣Shallow␣ water areas close to
continents |
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Definition
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| _______________ – between the continental margins and mid-ocean ridges |
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Definition
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| _______________ – relatively shallow areas near middle of oceans |
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Definition
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| ___________(Pacific Type) are associated with plate boundaries |
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Definition
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Term
| _____________ (Atlantic Type) are contained within lithospheric plates and are not in close proximity to any plate boundary |
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Definition
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Term
| ____________ – the shallow, submerged edge of the continent |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________ – the abrupt transition from continental shelf to the continental slope |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________ – the transition between the continental shelf and the continental rise |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ – accumulated sediment found at the base of the continental slope and lying on top of the oceanic crust |
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Definition
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Term
| _______________are common features of the Continental Slope |
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Definition
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| Deep water submarine canyons form when _______________ erode the surface of the continental shelf and slope. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____________are considered to be the major mechanism in the formation and erosion of submarine canyons |
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Definition
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Term
| a ______________ is formed by sediment deposited at the base of the canyon |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ are steep-sided volcanoes, sometimes reaching the sea surface to form islands |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ (tablemounts) are submerged, flat-topped seamounts and are most common in the Pacific Ocean at a depth of 1300 m (4300 ft). |
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Definition
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Term
| ____________ are low relief bumps (<1000 m, 3300 ft) high that are scattered across the abyssal plain |
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Definition
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| Charles Darwin (1842) proposed a mechanism for the formation of ______________: |
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Definition
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| ___________________ are features of rift valleys |
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Definition
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| ________: particles of _____________________(dirt, dust, debris) that accumulate in a loose, unconsolidated form on the ocean floor |
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Definition
Sedment
-organic or inorganic matter |
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Term
| ___ of marine sediment contain a huge amount of information about Earth␣s history |
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Definition
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Term
| Particles originate from the ________________________, activity of living organisms, volcanic eruptions, chemical processes within the water, and even from space |
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Definition
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Term
| Mountains are ______, leading to erosion, transport, and _______ on the seafloor |
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Definition
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| Sediments flowing out of the mouth of rivers is called a |
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Definition
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Term
Rivers carry enormous amounts of
___________
sediments to the ocean |
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Definition
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Term
| The longer it takes for sediments to settle, the longer they |
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Definition
| can be transported from their point of origin |
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Term
| Coccolithophorid _______ and calcareous deposits |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ sediments dissolve very slowly and can be detectable in core samples after millions of years. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ sediments also dissolve slowly or are lithified (form rocks), but only in relatively shallow water |
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Definition
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Term
| ________allow a cylinder of sediment to be taken for analysis to determine the age of the material, as well as the density, strength, molecular composition and radioactivity of the sediment. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ makes it possible to collect sediment cores hundreds to thousands of meters long! |
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Definition
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Term
Sediments on continental shelves are
called __________ sediments, and contain mostly terrigenous material |
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Definition
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Term
Sediments of the slope, rise, and deep-ocean floors
are __________ sediments, and contain a greater proportion of biogenous material. |
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Definition
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