Term
| what percentage of animals on earth are invertebrates? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How is the filter feeder process work |
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Definition
| water is pumped through the ostia and goes out through the osculum |
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Term
| what specialized cells move water through the sponge by beating cilia? |
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Definition
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Term
| what supports the body of a sponge? |
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Definition
| spicules, either made of silaceous (silicon) or calcareous (calcium) |
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Term
| what protein contributes to supporting a sponge? |
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Definition
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Term
| how do sponges reproduce? |
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Definition
| budding, which is when bud falls off and forms a new sponge |
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Term
| what is the other way sponges reproduce? |
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Definition
| they can produce gametes (eggs and sperm) which are released into the water either within the sponge or outside and they join to form an embryo |
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Term
| what do sponges have living in their tissues? |
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Definition
| symbiotic algae live in the tissues. The algae photosynthesize and provide food for the sponges |
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Term
| What are examples of the Phylum Cnidaria? |
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Definition
| Jellyfish, Sea Anemonies, corals, and hydroids. Radically symmetrical |
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Term
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Definition
| gelatinous layer that seperates the inner and outer body walls |
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Term
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Definition
| They use tentacles to put food in their mouth and they have no anus so tehy poop out of their mouth tehee!!!! |
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Term
| What are the two forms of Cnidarians? |
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Definition
| A free swimming medusa or an attached polyp |
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Term
| How does Medusa reproduce? |
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Definition
| produces sperm and eggs that turn into polyps and polyps bud and create cute little medusa clis!!! |
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Term
| What are the polyps that lack a medusa stage? |
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Definition
| Anthozoans, which consist of anemones, sea fans, corals, and sea pens |
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Term
| What do cnidarians have instead of a brain? |
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Definition
| A nerve net that connects the cells and transmits impulses |
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Term
| why are ribbon worms more complex than flatworms? |
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Definition
| they have a mouth and an anus, and circulatory system. They also have proboscis that contains toxins |
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Term
| where are nematodes common? |
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Definition
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Term
| What doe nematodes mostly feed on? |
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Definition
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Term
| beware of fresh sashimi? why... |
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Definition
| because a nematode might be living in the flesh of fish and can infect humans... |
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Term
| What are examples of Molluscs? |
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Definition
| Snails, clams, squid, octopuses. Bodies are not segmented |
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Term
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Definition
| a ribbon of small teeth used to feed; Molluscs have this |
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Term
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Definition
| a thin layer of tissue that secretes the shell |
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Term
| What is the gender makeup of molluscs? |
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Definition
| Most molluscs are seperate sexes, but some have both female and male parts |
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Term
| what are examples of gastropods? |
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Definition
| snails, limpets, abalones, nudibranches |
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Term
| What are examples of bivalves |
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Definition
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Term
| What are examples of cephalopods |
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Definition
| octopuses, squid, cuddlefish |
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Term
| what are the other type of molluscs? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the largest bivalve? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are squids shells called? |
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Definition
| chitinous shell, or a "pen" |
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Term
| What are examples of Arthropods? |
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Definition
| Barnacles, shrimps, lobster, crabs, copepods etc. |
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Term
| what are characteristics of Arthropods? |
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Definition
Have segmented body, jointed appendages
Exoskeleton of chitin |
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Term
| what is the largest group of Arthropods? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what does a decapod's body consist of? |
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Definition
| cephalothorax body and segmented abdomen |
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Term
| What are examples of Echinoderms? |
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Definition
| starfish, brittle stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and crinoids. They have endoskeletons, and a unique water vascular system. Larval stage that looks like a tadpole, |
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Term
| What is an example of a Chordate |
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Definition
| sea squirts (Tunicates). Have a larval stage which looks like a tadpole thus are related to primitive vertebrates. |
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Term
| What are the three major groups of genetic information |
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Definition
| eubacteria, archaea, eukaryotes |
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Term
| Are Eubacteria and Archaea prokaryotes? |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of environments do Archea live in> |
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Definition
| extreme environments, very salty, very hot, etc |
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Term
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Definition
| obtain energy from reduced inorganic compounds |
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Term
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Definition
| obtain energy from sunlight |
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Term
| What bacteria produce methane? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does bacteria do to what organic matter? |
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Definition
| breaks them down into dissolved chemicals, these chemicals can be be used for the growth of bacteria |
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Term
| What do bacteria form with higer organisms? |
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Definition
| Symbiosises to provide energy for both |
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Term
| What are bacteria in hydrothermal vent communities? |
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Definition
| They are the basis for energy transformation |
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Term
| What is the basis of life in hydrothermal events? |
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Definition
| symbiotic bacteria and reduced sulfur compounds |
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Term
| where are hydrothermal events located? |
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Definition
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Term
| vent organisms depend on bacteria because...? |
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Definition
| They convert reduced chemicals to organic matter |
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Term
| How many bacteria are in seawater? |
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Definition
| 200,000-5 million cells per mL |
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Term
| How fast do cells divide? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is very abundant in seawater and constantly attacks bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many viruses are in seawater? |
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Definition
| 5 million-15 million to mL |
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Term
| What kind of bacteria do viruses tend to specialize on? |
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Definition
| cyanobacteria and phytoplankton |
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Term
| what are the two main types of virus attacks? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a lysogenic attack? |
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Definition
| the virus becomes part of the DNA until the host starts producing other viruses |
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Term
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Definition
| when the virus enters the cell, it immediately starts producing viruses, then it bursts |
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Term
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Definition
| eukaryotic organisms such as ciliates that eat bacteria and cyanobacteria, the main grazers in teh microbial loop |
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Term
| What are foraminifera (Forams)? |
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Definition
| They are protozoan amoebas with a shell they live inside of |
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Term
| Whose shells are at the bottom of the ocean and become sedimentary rock? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are benthic organisms? |
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Definition
| organisms that live on ocean sediments or in ocean sediments |
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Term
| what are types of benthos? |
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Definition
| Epifauna, who live on or attached to sediments. And Infauna, who live in soft sediments |
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Term
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Definition
Epifauna- 80 %
Infauna- 20 % |
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Term
| What are the three size categories> |
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Definition
| Macrofauna, greater than .5 mm........Meiofauna, less than .5 mm, but more than .1..........Microfauna is less than .1 mm |
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Term
| What are sessile organisms? |
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Definition
| organisms that are attached and can;t move, for example barnacles. They need a moving larval stage to disperse their colony. |
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Term
| What is biogenic sorting? |
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Definition
| When organisms make smaller particles on top, and larger particles on bottom |
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Term
| what are the 5 types of feeding? |
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Definition
| suspension, deposit, herbivore, carnivores, and scavengers |
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Term
| What are suspension feeders? |
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Definition
| They filter particles from the water column |
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Term
| what are deposit feeders? |
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Definition
| deposit feeders eat sediments, and digest organic material and bacteria on sediments. Such as crabs and sea cucumbers |
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Term
| What are the different substratum types? |
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Definition
| sandy, Silts, mud and clay. and soft sediments |
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Term
| Deposit vs suspension feeders |
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Definition
| suspension feeders need water current to bring food to them, and deposit feeders need weak current in order to walk |
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Term
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Definition
| graze algae and marine grasses |
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Term
| what is detritus and how does it help benthic organisms? |
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Definition
| dead plant material and benthic organisms eat it |
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Term
| What are deep ocean sediments? |
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Definition
| desert dust (red clay), diatoms (siliceous), and forams (carbonate) |
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Term
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Definition
| when high latitude waters produce high currents and they disturb benthic organisms |
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Term
| How do respiration rates differ from deep water to shallow water? |
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Definition
| rates in deep water, fish are much lower |
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Term
| What are the different ways food gets to teh deep sea? |
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Definition
| large food falls, small food falls as well |
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Term
| How do coral defend their territory |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the different between PAcific and Atlantic when it comes to Coral |
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Definition
| Pacific has 500, Atlantic has 75 |
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Term
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Definition
| symbiotic algae that live in polyp tissues |
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Term
| where are stony corals located> |
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Definition
| only in warm clear water, they need sunlight |
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Term
| What are the three types of coral reefs |
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Definition
| fringing reef, barrier reef, and atoll |
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Term
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Definition
| behind the crest. sandgrass is found on the floor |
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Term
| what are the primary producers in coral reefs? |
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Definition
| macroalgae, seagrasses, zoozanthallae, phytoplankton |
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Term
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Definition
| have bacteria living inside of them. |
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Term
| what percent of surface primary production gets to bottom depths |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the reef coral temp limit? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a semi-enclosed coastal water where salt water is mixed with fresh water from rivers |
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Term
| Why are estuaries important? |
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Definition
| They are important for commerce and recreation, important as fishery nursery areas |
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Term
| What are the four different types of salinity distributions |
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Definition
| Vertically mixed, slightly stratified, Salt Wedge, Fjord |
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Term
| What are vertically mixed estuaries? |
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Definition
| shallow, low volume, strong tidal mixing, low river flow |
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Term
| What is a slightly stratified estuary? |
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Definition
| shallow, salinity increases from head to mouth. Strong seaward flow of fresh water. fresh water on top, ocean water on bottom |
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Term
| what is a salt-wedge estuary? |
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Definition
| surface water is fresh, but there is a salty wedge underneath teh fresh water |
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Term
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Definition
| still at the mouth, fresh water on top, but underneath fresh water there is a portion of salt water that is trapped in |
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Term
| what limits photosynthesis in estuaries? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are euryhaline organisms? |
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Definition
| organisms that can tolerate a wide range of salinities |
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Term
| what are stenohaline organisms? |
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Definition
| those that can only tolerate a narrow range of salinity. Usually live in fresh water in the upper estuaries |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that don't osmoregulate, example molluscs |
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Term
| what are estuaries vulnerable to? |
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Definition
| invasive species, sewage, industrial pollution |
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Term
| what is the percentage of drinking water that the bay area provides for california |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the three states of mercury? |
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Definition
| elemental, divalent, or methyl. Highly toxic metyhl |
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Term
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Definition
| they are low lying coasta areas that are submerged by salt water, and their sediments have little or no oxygen. Consists of marshes and mangroves |
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Term
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Definition
| main plant in marshes, can tolerate 0 oxygen cuz its able to pump oxygen down its roots |
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Term
| what does spartina do with salt? |
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Definition
| extracts salt and excretes it through its leaves |
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Term
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Definition
| almost nothing, until it dies and bacteria breaks it into small pieces so that marsh animals can eat it as deitrtal material |
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