Term
| The testes are important for... |
|
Definition
| sperm production and testosterone secretion. |
|
|
Term
| The male conducting ducts are the... |
|
Definition
| epididymis and vas deferens. |
|
|
Term
| The male accessory glands are... |
|
Definition
| seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbourethral gland. |
|
|
Term
| The accessory glans secrete fluid to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The additional fluid in semen contains... |
|
Definition
| buffering agents, fructose, prostaglandins, and fibrinogen. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the semen buffering agents? |
|
Definition
| keep pH relatively normal, as the vagina is acidic. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of semen fructose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the prostaglandins in sperm? |
|
Definition
| increase sperm motility and increase smooth muscle contraction. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the fibrinogen in sperm? |
|
Definition
| forms a semi-solid plug to make sure sperm doesn't leak out (and blocks further insemination). |
|
|
Term
| Prior to birth, the testes descend from where to the scrotum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| failure for the testes to descend. |
|
|
Term
| Cryptorchidism results in what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Although someone with cryptorchidism is sterile, the testes can still produce what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the approximate normal number of sperm produced each day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal ejaculate contains approximately how many sperm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A sperm counts of <20 million/mL usually produces... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The sperm's head has an... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| holds enzymes to aid in fertilization. |
|
|
Term
| The sperm's tail is for... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The average sperm takes about how many days to develop? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does sperm production occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Sertoli cells? |
|
Definition
| provide nourishment for sperm (support). |
|
|
Term
| What do Sertoli cells secrete? |
|
Definition
| androgen binding protein (ABP) and inhibin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transporting testosterone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uses negative feedback to inibit FSH release. |
|
|
Term
| Sertoli cells are stimulated by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stimulates Leydig cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Leydig cells promote the secretion of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Testosterone is converted into what in target cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an active form, used in the growth of male genitalia. |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of androgens? |
|
Definition
| tissue growth and protein synthesis, gametogenesis, negative feedback on LH, and seondary sex characteristics. |
|
|
Term
| What are some male secondary characteristics? |
|
Definition
| hair (facial, pubic, etc.), deeper voice, libido, aggressive behaviour, etc. |
|
|
Term
| In a flaccid penis, arterioles are... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tactile/psychological stimuli produce erection by stimulating what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During erection, blood flow... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ejaculation occurs by stimulation of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of nitric oxide in the male sexual response? |
|
Definition
| dilates penile blood vessels. |
|
|
Term
| Nitric oxide is mediated by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cGMP is broken down by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of Viagra? |
|
Definition
| inhibits PDE, prolonging erection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shedding of inner lining of endometrium. |
|
|
Term
| How often does menses occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is marked as the beginning of the menstrual cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The menstrual cycle overlaps with the... |
|
Definition
| uterine and ovarian cycle. |
|
|
Term
| What is the first stage of the ovarian cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main feature of the follicular phase? |
|
Definition
| several follicles (with oocytes) mature at the same time. |
|
|
Term
| The follicular phase is promoted by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does FSH act on in the follicular phase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do thecal cells do in the follicular phase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thecal cells are stimulated by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Androgens are converted by what ot make estrogens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If estrogens inhibit FSH and LH, what will no longer happen? |
|
Definition
| development of more follicles. |
|
|
Term
| When estrogens inhibit FSH and LH, less developed follicles undergo what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disintegration of follicles when granulosa cells start to secrete inhibin. |
|
|
Term
| Estrogen stimulates MORE estrogen in the granulosa cells of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Estrogen stimulating more estrogen is an example of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| No new oocytes are made after... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A woman's follicle supply is depleted after what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the late follicular phase, granulosa cells start to secrete what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the late follicular phase, estrogen levels reach a... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| High estrogen levels cause what in the late follicular stage? |
|
Definition
| surge in GnRH, LH and FSH. |
|
|
Term
| What are estrogen's effects on the follicle and uterus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are estrogen's effects on breast tissue? |
|
Definition
| promotes duct development. |
|
|
Term
| What are estrogen's effects on cervical mucus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are estrogen's effects on uterine smooth muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are estrogen's effects on the fallopian tubes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are estrogen's effects on serum cholesterol levels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Estrogen promotes bone growth, but... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another hormone that fuses growth plates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some female secondary sexual characteristics (mediated by ovarian estrogens) include... |
|
Definition
| fat accumulation on hips and breasts, and mammary development. |
|
|
Term
| Some female secondary sexual characteristics (mediated by adrenal androgens) include... |
|
Definition
| libido, pubic and armpit hair. |
|
|
Term
| What is the second phase of the ovarian cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Collagenase secretion by the follicle during ovulation causes what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During ovulation there is... |
|
Definition
| a slight increase in body temperature. |
|
|
Term
| What is the approximate timing of ovulation during the menstrual cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ovulation can be suppresed by what? |
|
Definition
| nutritional status, exercise, stress and prolactin. |
|
|
Term
| What is the third phase of the ovarian cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| develop from follicle cells after ovulation. |
|
|
Term
| Luteal cells produce what? |
|
Definition
| progesterone, inhibin and estrogen (some). |
|
|
Term
| How long dies the corpus luteum survive before it atrophies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Once the corpus lutem atrophies... |
|
Definition
| progesterone and estrogen decrease, LH and FSH increase. |
|
|
Term
| ONce the corpus luteum atrophies, blood vessels contract, die and... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is progesterone's effect on uterine motility? |
|
Definition
| decreases; maintains uterine lining. |
|
|
Term
| Blocking progesterone triggers what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are progesterone's effects on temperature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are progesterone's effects on cervical mucus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are progesterone's effects on mammary glands? |
|
Definition
| promotes growth of glandular tissue. |
|
|
Term
| What are progesterone's effects on LH release. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The oral contraceptives available are usually a combination pill of... |
|
Definition
| progesterone and estrogen. |
|
|
Term
| The combination pill prevents what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The combinationg pill induces what? |
|
Definition
| thicker mucus and decreased sperm motility. |
|
|
Term
| The "minipill" that is available consists only of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The risks of oral contraceptives include: |
|
Definition
| stroke, hypertension (blood clot formation). |
|
|
Term
| Vasodilation causes that labia to become what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vasodilation causes the clitoris to become what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vasodilation causes the vagina to... |
|
Definition
| increase fluid secretion. |
|
|
Term
| Vasodilation causes the skin to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rythmic vaginal contractions are induced by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After ovulation, fertilization must occur within a period of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long are sperm viable for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glycoproteins are removed from sperm. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of capacitation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does fertilization occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Implantation in the Fallopian tubes would be termed a what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the zona pellucida? |
|
Definition
| protein and polysaccharide layer surrounding the egg. |
|
|
Term
| Penetration of the zona pellucida by sperm requires what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Upon fertilization, the egg completes its... |
|
Definition
| second meiotic division and fuses with sperm nucleus. |
|
|
Term
| Implantation of the zygote in the uterine wall must occur within how many days? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After implantation, blood vessels (chorionic villi) grow into the endometrium, forming what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) come only from what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hCG maintains the secretion of what? |
|
Definition
| progersterone from corpus luteum (3 months). |
|
|
Term
| The secretion of hCG coincides with what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Detection of hCG in the urine indicates what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the standard "pee on a stick" pregnancy tests look for? |
|
Definition
|
|
