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| Supreme Court has last word on congressional acts, also known as Judicial Review. 1803 |
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| States could not void contracts. 1810 |
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| Martin vs. Hunter's Lessee |
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| "Compact theory" rejected. Claims that the state was equally sovereign with the Federal Government was denied. 1816 |
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| Dartmouth College vs. Woodward |
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| Contracts made by private corporations are protected by the Constitution and a state may not alter them. 1819 |
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| States cannot tax federal government, Bank of the United States is constitutional. 1819 |
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| Supreme Court has power to review state decisions and citizens can appeal to the Supreme Court. 1821 |
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| The Steamboat Case. Only the Federal Government has the right to regulate interstate commerce. 1821 |
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| Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia |
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| Cherokees were a "domestic nation" that possessed some sovereignty. But, Georgia could still make Cherokee laws void. Broke Cherokee sovereignty related to U.S. 1831 |
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| Chief Justice John Marshall ruled Georgia had no control over the Cherokee Nation and the land holdings, and that Georgia could not relocate the Cherokees. |
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| Charles River Bridge vs. Warren Bridge |
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| Chief Justice Taney ruled that no charter given to a private company had the right to harm the public interest. Rights of a community supersede rights of a private corporation. Jackson's idea. 1837 |
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| Supreme Court of Massachusetts ruled trade union organization and striking tactics were legal as long as their methods were honorable and peaceful. 1842 |
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| Court ruled return of fugitive slaves was a federal power, thus making unconstitutional Pennsylvania's law prohibiting the capture and return of fugitive slaves. 1842 |
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| African Americans were not citizens; slaves were property and could not be taken away from owners without due process of law; Missouri Compromise was thus deemed unconstitutional. 1857 |
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| Upheld the fugitive slaw law included in the Compromise of 1850. 1859 |
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| In response to Lincoln's suspension of Habeas Corpus, Chief Justice Taney issued a write for Merryman's release (who had been arrested in a mob attack on Union Soldiers). Lincoln ignored it. 1866 |
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| Military tribunals could not try civilians in areas where civil courts were functioning. 1866 |
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| Supreme Court ruled that the 14th amendment only protected federal rights, not state's rights. It also ruled that the 13th, 14th, 15th amendments only applied to slaves. 1873 |
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| The public always has the right to regulate business operations in which the public has an interest; upheld in Illinois "Granger Law" regulating storage of grain. 1877 |
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| The 14th Amendment protects individuals from state action, not individual action; thus, "individuals" (corporations, clubs, organizations, etc.) became free to discriminate against African Americans or use their "individual status" to evade state regulations. 1883 |
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| Only the federal government could regulate interstate commerce, so railroads could not be regulated by states; weakened the Munn vs. Illinois decision (that the public has the right to regulate business operations) 1886 |
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| "Separate but equal"; Court ruled 14th amendment only ensured political equality and that segregation did not mean inferiority. 1896 |
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| Court ruled that the Constitution does not follow American conquests but that some rights are fundamental; Congress determines these rights. 1901-1904 |
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| Supreme Court supported President Theodore Roosevelt by ruling that the Northern Securities Company was a trust because it owned stock in competing railroads, thus violating the Sherman Antitrust Act. 1904 |
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| Court ruled the 14th amendment protected individuals against unreasonable and unnecessary interference to their personal liberty. This case expanded the use of "due process", but sided with the baker by not placing a limit on work hours. 1905 |
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| Oregon law limiting women to 10 hours of labor was legal, since women needed special legislation to preserve their health. 1908 |
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| Determined that the Standard Oil trust was bad (rule of reason doctrine). Supreme Court orders its dissolve-ing. 1911 |
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| First Amendment was void because the U.S. was at war. Speech posing a "clear and present danger" is outlawed. Other methods of speech were preserved, however. 1919 |
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| Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) ruled unconstitutional because it invaded state jurisdiction by using federal taxation as a means of regulating production. In other words, Court ruled that it was unfair to tax one group specifically to favor of another group. 1936 |
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| Schecter Poultry Corp vs. U.S. |
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| The Sick Chicken case. National Recovery Administration (NRA) unconstitutional, because Congress overstepped its power when it granted the Executive Branch too much power in regulating commerce. 1935 |
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| Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas |
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| "Separate but equal" becomes "separate is inherently, unequal." Supreme Court ruled that schools should be integrated. 1954 |
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| Prayer is not mandatory in public schools. 1962 |
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| No more over-represented voting districts. "One man, one vote." 1962 |
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| Anyone charged with felony or, later in 1972, for misdemeanor, must be given legal counsel. 1963 |
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| Police cannot use extortion or coercion (threats) to gain a confession from a criminal. Police must also honor suspect's request for a lawyer present during interrogations. 1964 |
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| Suspected criminal has the right to be read his rights (To remain silent, have legal counsel, one phone call.) 1966 |
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| Abortion legal during a woman's first trimester of pregnancy. State law cannot deny a woman abortion. 1973 |
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| Bakke vs. Board of Regents U.C. |
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| Upheld minority affirmative action quotas in universities, but state that race alone cannot be a criteria for college admission. 1978 |
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| Rosado vs. The College Board |
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| After a stunning speech, Rosado convinces the Supreme Court Justices that AP tests violate the Eighth Amendment (Cruel and Unusual punishment). Supreme Court orders The College Board to dissolve. Case proves that the AP, SAT, and all other products of The College Board are unconstitutional. |
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