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Definition
| Neuramidase (glycoprotein) inhibitor -- prevent viral attachment |
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Term
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Definition
| Neuramidase (glycoprotein) inhibitor-- prevent viral attachment |
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Term
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Definition
| Low molecular weight drugs that mimic CHO recognition molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| Essential for breakdown of fat (acetate) |
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Term
| Primary use of carbohydrates |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Alpha-glucosidase and/or alpha-amylase inhibitor |
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Term
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Definition
| Alpha-glucosidase and/or alpha-amylase inhibitor |
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Term
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Definition
| Alpha-glucosidase and/or alpha-amylase inhibitor |
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Term
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Definition
| B-complex, magnesium, vitamin C |
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Term
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Definition
| vitamins A, E, and C; selenium, manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in mitochondria |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| muscle and nerve transmissions: |
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Definition
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Term
| Oxygen transport and regulation: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hemoglobin, one-carbon metabolism, regulates homocysteine |
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Term
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Definition
| Deficiency: neural tube defects, anemia, cardiovascular risk |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduces LDL cholesterol, treats arthrosclerosis, makes hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| Deficiency: pellagra, depression, fatigue |
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Term
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Definition
| Nervous system, cell division; 9% of US population deficient |
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Term
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Definition
| Deficiency: anemia, dementia, severe neurological problems |
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Term
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Definition
| metabolize AA's and fats, red blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
| deficiency: anemia, skin lesions, oily flaky skin, cracked dry lips, glossitis, depression, confusion |
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Term
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Definition
| coenzyme A used in energy production pathways, alters D3 protein function and gene expression; deficiency is rare |
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Term
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Definition
| metabolize fats and carbs (FAD, FMN), boosts antibodies, cellular growth and repair |
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Term
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Definition
| Deficiency: ariboflavinosis, soreness and cracks near mouth, glossitis, anemia (due to its role converting B6 to active form) |
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Term
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Definition
| energy metabolism, HCl in stomach, heart function, nerves, muscles, thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) required coenzyme in food energy pathways |
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Term
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Definition
| attaches at the active site of carboxylase enzymes ('biotinylation') essential for gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis and metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| deficiency: hair loss, scaly facial rash, hallucinations, depression |
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Term
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Definition
| Deficiency: common in alcoholics, loss of appetite, heart enlargement, mental confusion, Beriberi (muscle weakness, pain, neurologic parasthesia, death) |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in fruits, vegetables, raw meat; functions as an antioxidant, helps synthesize carnitine which is essential for beta-oxidation (Fat burning), collagen production |
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Term
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Definition
| Mild deficiency causes fatigue, irritable, hemorrhaging, joint pain, illness and loose teeth; major deficiency causes scurvy and death |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in yellow, orange, and red vegetables and fruits, fortified milk, eggs |
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Term
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Definition
| Functions: vision, growth, immune system, red blood cell production, iron incorporation into hemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
| Deficiency: weak muscles, immunodeficiency, abnormal cell proliferation, blindness and death |
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Term
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Definition
| acts as hormone (like vitamin D), regulates gene transcription, cellular differentiation: specialization of cells for highly specific physiological roles |
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Term
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Definition
| found in fatty fish like salmon, fortified dairy, sun |
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Term
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Definition
| functions: maintain calcium balance in body, cell differentiation, immune system, blood pressure regulation |
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Term
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Definition
| Deficiency: sleep disorders, depression, rickets in children and soft bones in adults |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in dairy, fish canned with bones (salmon), spinach, white beans |
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Term
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Definition
| functions: blood vessel constriction and relaxation, cellular signaling, skeletabl muscle and nerves contain voltage dependent calcium channels in their cell membranes, bones contain hydroxyapatite crystals |
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Term
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Definition
| Deficiency: accelerated bone loss, tooth loss, muscle twitches, on edge feeling; deficiency can be caused by abnormal parathyroid function, vitamin D deficiency, low blood magnesium concentrations |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in leafy greens, nuts, grains, milk |
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Term
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Definition
| Functions: Energy production; Synthesis of DNA, carbohydrates, lipids, glutathione, bone, cell membranes; MgATP phosphorylates proteins and forms cAMP |
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Term
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Definition
| Low dietary protein intake reduces absorption; Deficiency: fingers on blackboard nervous feeling, muscle spasms, anxiety, depression, insomnia |
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Term
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Definition
| found in iodized salt, cod, fish, milk, seaweed, potato |
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Term
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Definition
| Function: synthesis of thyroid hormones triiodothyronin and thyroxine, T3 binds to thyroid receptors in cell nucleus to regulate gene expression |
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Term
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Definition
| Deficiency: fatigue, weight gain, goiters ( due to thyroid enlargement), cretinism, death |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in red meat, oysters, crabs, yogurt, beans; Men need 2X more than women |
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Term
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Definition
| catalyzes over 100 enzymatic reactions, structural role in proteins, regulation role as gene transcription factor, role in cell signaling, helps regulate hormone release, nerve transmission and apoptosis (cellular death) |
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Term
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Definition
| Deficiency: lack of sexual maturity and dwarfism in males, low testosterone, loss of taste |
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Term
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Definition
| Essential for women; found in red meat, poultry, oysters, raisins, potatoes, legumes |
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Term
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Definition
| Functions: oxygen transport and storage in heme, oxygen sensing, energy production, DNA syntehsis, ETC cytochromes |
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Term
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Definition
| Deficiency: fatigue, anemia, inability to detoxify drugs, poor athletic preformance, imparied thinking, cold all the time |
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Term
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Definition
| used in cytochrome p450, a enzyme family that metabolizes and detoxifies drugs and toxins |
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Term
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Definition
| a family of enzymes that catalyses reactions by using a heme iron to oxidize molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| often makes drugs water soluble, account for 75% of drug metabolism, can make drugs more toxic; varies by person |
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Term
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Definition
| provide calories/energy, required in large amounts, proteins, carbs, and fats |
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Term
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Definition
| required in smaller quantities, vitamins, minerals |
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Term
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Definition
| function in cell recognition, provides a zip code used to ship proteins out of the cell, cell signaling |
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Term
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Definition
| essential for fat breakdown: oxalacetic acid oxidizes acetate; promotes beneficial gut bacterial and intestinal peristaltic movements |
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Term
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Definition
| should be 15-35% daily calories, build muscles, tissue, bone, neurotransmitters, nezymes, cell recognition, immune system, also used as 'zip code' to direct proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| should be 25-40% of your daily calories; used for energy storage, myelin in nerves, cell membranes, hormones, neurotransmitters, phosopholipids |
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Term
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Definition
| vital for hormone production, builds your brain and neural communication networks |
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Term
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Definition
| should be 30-50% of daily calories |
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