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| Up, upward or back, backward |
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| Specialist in the study of |
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| An antibody is a protein produced by the immune system in response to foreign substances (antigens) like bacteria, viruses, or toxins. Antibodies help neutralize these invaders. |
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| An antigen is any substance that triggers an immune response in the body, such as bacteria, viruses, or other foreign particles. Antigens stimulate the production of antibodies. |
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| Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. It can develop in any organ or tissue. |
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| Carcinoma in situ is a term used to describe cancer cells that are in the place where they first formed and have not spread to surrounding tissues. It is an early-stage cancer. |
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| DCIS (Ductal Carcinoma In Situ) |
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| DCIS is a non-invasive type of breast cancer where abnormal cells are found in the lining of a breast duct but have not spread beyond the duct. It is an early form of breast cancer. |
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| ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) |
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| ELISA is a laboratory test used to detect antibodies in the blood, commonly used to diagnose infections, such as HIV, or monitor immune responses. |
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| Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of cancer that begins in the lymphatic system and is characterized by the presence of abnormal cells called Reed-Sternberg cells. It affects the immune system's ability to fight infection. |
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| Herpes zoster, also known as shingles, is a viral infection caused by the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus, which causes chickenpox. It results in a painful rash. |
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| IgA is an antibody that plays a crucial role in mucosal immunity, providing protection to body surfaces such as the respiratory and digestive tracts. |
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