Term
| lymphatic system consists of 2 semi-independent parts |
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Definition
| lymphatic vessels AND lymphoid tissues and organs |
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Term
| 2 functions of lymphatic system |
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Definition
| transport fluids back to blood AND plays essential roles in body defense and resistence to disease |
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Term
| function of lymphatic vessels |
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Definition
| pick up excess tissue fluid called lymph and return it to bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
| excess tissue fluid carried by lymphatic vessels |
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Term
| 3 properties of lymphatic vessels |
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Definition
| "one way system toward the heart, no pump, lymph moves toward the heart with milking action/rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle in vessel walls" |
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Term
| 4 characteristics of lymph capillaries |
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Definition
| "walls overlap to form flaplike minivalves, fluid leaks into lymph capillaries, capillaries are anchored to connective tissue by filaments, higher pressure on inside closes minivalves" |
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Term
| pathway in which lymph is transported (2) |
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Definition
| "from lymph capillaries throuh successively larger lymphatic vessels called lymphatic collecting vessels, and finally return through 1 of 2 large ducts--the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct" |
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Term
| right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct |
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Definition
| RLD drains lymph from right arm and right side of head and thorax; TD receives lymph from rest of body (both empty lymph into subclavian vein on their own side of body) |
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Term
| 3 materials returned to blood (in lymph) |
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Definition
| "water, blood cells, and proteins" |
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Term
| 4 harmful materials that can enter lymph vessels |
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Definition
| "bacteria, viruses, cancer cells, and cell debris" |
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Term
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Definition
| protect body by removing foreign material such as bacteria and tumor cells from lymphatic stream by producing lymphocytes that function in the immune response |
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Term
| lymph is filtered through…before it returns to the… |
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Definition
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Term
| defense cells found in lymph nodes - 2 |
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Definition
| macrophages to engulf and destroy foreing substances and lymphocytes toe provide immune response to antigens |
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Term
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Definition
| corex is outer part and contains follicles which are collections of lymphocytes; medulla is inner part which contains phagocytic macrophages |
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Term
| flow of lymph through nodes - 4 |
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Definition
| lymph enters convex side through afferent lymphatic vessels; flows through sinuses inside node; exits through efferent lymphatic vessels--fewer efferent than afferent causes flow to be slowed |
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Term
| lymphoid organs besides nodes - 4 |
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Definition
| "spleen, thymus, tonsils, Peyer's patches" |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| "filters and cleanses blood, destroys worn out blood cells and returns breakdown to liver, forms blood cells in fetus, acts as blood reservoir" |
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Term
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Definition
| "low in throat, overlying heart" |
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Term
| when does thymus function at peak levels? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| produces hormones like thymosin to program lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| trap and remove bacteria and other foreign materials |
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Term
| location of Peyer's patches |
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Definition
| wall of the small intestine |
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Term
| function of Peyer's patches |
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Definition
| capture and destroy bacteria in intestine |
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Term
| Peyer's patches and tonsils are part of collection of small lymphoid tissues referred to as… |
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Definition
| mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) |
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Term
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Definition
| acts as sentinal to protect respiratory and digestive tracts |
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Term
| the body's 2 defense systems for foreign materials |
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Definition
| nonspecific and specific defense systems |
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Term
| nonspecific defense system |
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Definition
| protects body from all foreign substances (prevents entry and spread of microorganisms throughout the body) |
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Term
| nonspecific defenses provided by… |
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Definition
| "surface membrane barriers, cells and chemicals" |
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Term
| specific defense system also called the… |
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Definition
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Term
| function of specific defense system |
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Definition
| mounts attacks agains particular (specific) foreign substances--a specific defense is required for each type of invader |
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Term
| surface membrane barriers |
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Definition
| "skin-physical barrier, ph of skin inhibits bacterial growth; stomach mucosa-secretes hydrochloric acid and protein digesting enzymes which kill pathogens; saliva and lacrimal fluid contain lysozyme (an enzyme that destroys bacteria); sticky mucus traps microorganisms that enter digestive and respiratory passageways " |
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Term
| nonspecific defensive cells - 2 |
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Definition
| phagocytes-engulfs foreign material into vacuole and enzymes from lysosomes digest the material; natural killer cells- NK cells can lyse and kill cancer cells and destroy virus infected cells |
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Term
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Definition
| triggered when body tissues are injured and results in chain of events leading to protection and healing |
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Term
| functions of inflammatory response - 3 |
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Definition
| "prevents spread of damaging agents, disposes of cell debris and pathogens, sets stage for repair" |
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Term
| events in phagocytosis - 5 |
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Definition
| "microbe adheres to phagocyte, phagocyte engulfs particle, phagocytic vesicle is fused with a lysosome, microbe in fused vesicle is killed and digested by lysosomal enzymes within phagolysosome, indigestible and residual matter is removed by exocytosis" |
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Term
| function of kinins and histamines in inflammatory process - 3 |
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Definition
| "blood vessels dilate and capillaries become leaky, activate pain receptors, attract phagocytes and WBCs to area - called chemotaxis because cells are following a chemical gradient" |
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Term
| antimicrobial chemicals - 2 |
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Definition
| "complement (group of at least 20 plasma proteins), interferon (secreted proteins of virus-infected cells" |
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Term
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Definition
| "when complement becomes attached or fixed to foreign cells such as bacteria, fungi or mismatched RBCs and this it is activated to fight against foreign cells" |
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Term
| membrane attach complexes |
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Definition
| one result of complement fixation-produce lesions and foreign cell surface allowing water to rush into cell and causing it to burst |
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Term
| complement activiation causes |
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Definition
| "membrane attach complexes; release of vasodilators, chemotaxis; causes opsonization" |
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Term
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Definition
| "cell membrane of foreign cell becomes sticky, so easier to phagocytize" |
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Term
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Definition
| binds to healthy cell surfaces to inhibit viruses from binding |
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Term
| fever's role in nonspecific defense - 2 |
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Definition
| inhibit release of iron and zinc from liver and spleen needed by bacteria; increases speed of tissue repair |
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Term
| 3 important aspects of the immune response |
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Definition
| it is antigen specific; it is systemic (not restricted to initial infection site); has memory for future attaches of same pathogen |
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Term
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Definition
| humoral or antibody mediated immunity AND cellular or cell mediated immunity |
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Term
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Definition
| cells produce chemicals for defense |
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Term
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Definition
| cells target virus infected cells (lymphocytes themselves defend the body) |
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Term
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Definition
| any substance capable of exciting the immune system and provoking an immune response (foreign intruders or nonself) |
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Term
| 6 examples of common antigens |
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Definition
| "foreign proteins, nucleic acids, large carbohydrates, some lipids, pollen grains, microorganisms" |
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Term
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Definition
| our own protein molecules which our immune cells do not attack |
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Term
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Definition
| "immune response that is harmful because it attacks our own cells (small molecules, haptens/incomplete antigens, that link up with our own proteins and our immune system does not recognize)" |
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Term
| cells of the immune system - 2 |
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Definition
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Term
| lymphocytes originate from… |
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Definition
| hemocytoblasts in red bone marrow |
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Term
| B lymphocytes vs. T lymphocytes |
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Definition
| B - produce antibodies and oversee humoral immunity (immunocompetent in the bone marrow); T - are nonantibody producing lymphocytes that constitute the cell-mediated arm of immunity (immunocompetent in thymus) |
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Term
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Definition
| when a lymphocyte matures into B or T cell it becomes capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it |
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Term
| macrophages originate from… |
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Definition
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Term
| macrophages widely distributed in… |
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Definition
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Term
| immune's system ability to respond to threats depends on the ability of its cells to (2) |
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Definition
| recognize foreign substances (antigens) in the body by binding to them AND to communicate with one another so the system as a whole mounts a response specific to those antigens |
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Term
| humoral (antibody-mediated) immune response (5) |
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Definition
| B lymphocytes with specific receptors bind to a specific antigen; the binding event activites the lymphocyte to undergo clonal selection; a large number of clones are produces (primary humoral response); most B cells become plasma cells; some B cells become long-lived memory cells (secondary humoral response) |
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Term
| 2 types of humoral immunity |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies against them |
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Term
| 2 ways to acquire active immunity |
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Definition
| naturally acquired during bacterial and viral infections AND artificially acquired when we receive vaccines |
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Term
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Definition
| antibodies are obtained from someone else (naturally from mother to fetus or artificially when receive immune serum or gamma globulin) |
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Term
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Definition
| antibodies prepared for clinical testing |
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Term
| 2 examples of uses for monoclonal antibodies |
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Definition
| diagnosis of pregnancy; treatment after exposure to hepatitis and rabies |
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Term
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Definition
| immunoglobulins--soluble proteins secreated by activated B cells or by their plasma-cell offspring in response to an antigen |
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Term
| basic antibody structure (4) |
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Definition
| 4 amino acid (polypeptide) chains linked by disulfide bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| "IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE" |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| important in activation of B cell |
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Term
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Definition
| can cross placental barrier |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 4 ways antibodies inactivate antigens |
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Definition
| "complement fixation, neutralization, agglutination, precipitiation" |
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Term
| cellular (cell-mediated) immune response |
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Definition
| "antigens must be presented by macrophages to an immunocompetent T cell; T cells must recognize nonself and self; after antigen binding, clones form as with B cells but different classes of cells produced" |
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Term
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Definition
| cytotoxic T cells (kill infected sell by inserting a toxic chemical); helper T cells (recruit others to fight invaders-interact directly with B cells); suppressor T cells (release chemicals to suppress activity of T and B cells to stop immune response to prevent uncontrolled activity) |
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Term
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Definition
| autografts (from one site to another on same person); isografts (from identical twin); allograft (from unrelated person); xenograft (from different animal) |
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Term
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Definition
| immediate hypersensitivity AND delayed hypersensitivity |
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Term
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Definition
| production or function of immune cells or complement is abnormal (AIDS) |
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Term
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Definition
| immune does not distinguish between self and nonself and so produces antibodies and sensitized T lymphocytes that attack its own tissue |
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Term
| 6 examples of autoimmune diseases |
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Definition
| "MS, myasthenia gravis, juvenile diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, system lupus erythematosus, glomerulonephritis" |
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