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| hallmark of all aspects of language |
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| systematic rule-governed creativity |
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| definition of linguistics |
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| scientific study of language |
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| linguist's definition of grammar |
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| all the information necessary to characterize what it is people know when they "know a language" |
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| the ability to produce and understand an unlimited number of utterances, including any that are novel and unfamiliar, and to recognize that certain utterances are not acceptable in their language |
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| the components of grammar |
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| phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics |
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| "how you are supposed to talk" these rules are arbitrary, are taught (ending with a preposition, the split infinitive..) |
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| "how you actually talk" tacit knowledge |
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| word placement in sentences |
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| concerned with language change, examines the development of lang over time. change is always occurring: we can look at modern languages diachronically |
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| concerned with states, rather than change. examines the structure of languages at a given point in time. shift towards this aot diachronic in the 20th century. |
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| at age 20 makes most important discovery in history of diachronic linguistics. his 1916 course marks the beginning modern synchronic linguistics. for him, language is a social fact. |
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| conventionalized pairing of form with meaning. form can be visual (writing) physical (signs) auditory (sound) etc. takes a finite set of elements, and uses them to create a potentially infinite set of utterances. |
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| pairings of a sound-image with a concept. psychological entity. |
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| sound-image. this is the sound coming out of someone's mouth, so it has to be a sound-image and not just a sound. gives extra info like whose voice it is |
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| arbitrariness of language |
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| languages are arbitrary- we have to "agree" that words mean what they do- but not all areas of language are equally arbitrary (for ex onomatopoeia) |
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| the social side of speech. exists due to a "contract" signed by the whole community. the obj of synchronic linguistic investigation. |
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| realized speech events, sentences, conversations |
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| what phonetic differences create a difference in meaning. for us voicing is one, while in chinese tone is one. |
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| whether the order in which signs combine determines sentence meaning |
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| meanings depends on the selection of one element over another for inclusion in a sentences. cons. different language's carving of the color spectrum into signifieds |
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| types of english word formation |
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Definition
| transforming nouns into verbs; lawful sound combinations (sproke vs mbood) |
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| (chomsky) knowledge that a native speaker would have (~langue) |
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| (chomsky) actual language use, any external representation of grammar. |
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| goal of shomskyan linguistics |
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| characterize the nature of human linguistic competence (represented in the mind as mental grammar) |
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| innate system of categories, operations, and principles shared by all human languages |
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| airflow through the vocal folds. faster vibration=higher pitch |
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| "hard palate" roof of mouth |
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| "soft palate" back of roof of mouth |
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Definition
| originate at vocal folds (in the space called the glottus) |
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Definition
| air forced through narrow constriction creating turbulence. positioned for maximum acoustic effect |
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| variants of american english 'r' |
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Definition
| bunched: tongue tip behind bottom teeth & raise back of tongue. retroflex: curl tip of tongue backwards. |
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Definition
| produced with some protrusion or rounding of the lips |
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Term
| in english, all rounds vowels are |
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Definition
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Definition
| no differentiation between [+back +low +vowel] (cot) and [+back +mid +rounded +vowel] (caught) |
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| essentially high vowels with consonantal character |
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Definition
| vowels, glides, liquids, nasals. in english only sonorants can be syllabic |
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| stops, fricatives, affricates. cannot form a syllable nucleus in english. |
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| minimal unit of sound capable of distinguishing one word from another |
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| a pronunciation of a phoneme |
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| two sounds can be freely substituted for each other- cannot form a minimal pair from them- must be allophones of the same phoneme |
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| complimentary distribution |
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Definition
| lack of overlap in environments. minimal pairs impossible. we assume they are allophones of the same phoneme. CD is what allows us to make predictable rules like aspiration and nasalization. |
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Term
| determining the pronunciation of phonemes in any given context |
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Definition
| moving from a phonemic (mental) representation to a phonetic (physical) realization. we get from one to the other with phonological rules. |
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Term
| slips of the tongue tell us... |
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Definition
| that the slip occurs at the level of the phoneme and then in realization they get phonetically altered. |
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Term
| statement of a phonological rule must contain |
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Definition
| specification of the environments in which it occurs. remember, phonological rules are generalizations based on natural classes. |
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Definition
| groups of sounds sharing some feature |
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| characteristics such as +voice that let us distinguish one phoneme from another. |
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| high vowel exerts a palatalizing force bc it is dragging consonants back towards the palate |
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| V -> schwa / ____ [-stress] |
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| order of some english phonological rules |
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Definition
| nasalization->aspiration->reduction |
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Definition
| [+alveolar, +stop] -> flap / [+sonorant] ___ V[-stress] |
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Definition
| a rule that does away with underlying contrasts, such that two forms that are distinct phonemically become identical on the surface. for ex flapping and verb reduction. |
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Definition
| [^w] before voiceless consonants, [aw] elsewhere |
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| voicing assimilation rule |
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Definition
| /-z/->[-voice]/C[-voice]___; leaves out [ez] as in judges, which is why we had to posit a new rule for schwa insertion |
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Definition
| smallest unit of meaning in language |
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Definition
| various pronounced forms of a given morpheme |
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| roots, prefixes, suffixes, infixes. free or bound (all affixes are bound) |
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| de-ceive, re-ceive; trans-fer, re-fer |
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Definition
| morphemes can only combine with certain other morphemes |
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| general rule of category changing affixes |
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Definition
| -generally- prefixes are non-category-changing and suffixes are category-changing |
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| ways of representing affixes (using "en" as an example) |
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Term
| agentive "er" vs comparative "er" |
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Definition
| runner/jogger vs brighter/smarter. words with identical surface forms may be different in underlying structure. |
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Definition
| whatever an affix is being added to. might be a word w/ mult morphemes |
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Term
| two types of morphological processes |
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Definition
| derivational and inflectional. in general deriv. precedes inflec, meaning you have to create the word before you can add grammatical info to it. |
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| create new words. change the meaning of the forms they are added to. |
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| provides additional information, often grammatical |
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| the part of grammar that is concerned with words and word formation. |
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| some inflectional categories |
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Definition
| number, gender, animacy, tense... |
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| inflectional morpheme. nominative (subjecthood), accusative (marks DObjs), genitive (possession) |
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Definition
| some affixes are more restricted than others in their application. in eng 'able' is very productive. |
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Definition
| built out of more than one root |
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| endocentric compounds; exocentric compounds |
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Definition
| qualifies the head; doesn't |
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Definition
| allows you to imbed parts of a similar type within one instance of that type potentially infinitely |
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Definition
| affixes that realize more than one grammatical meaning or function (russian am- dative & plural) |
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Term
| inflection of english compounds |
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Definition
| entire construction is inflected by inflecting the compound's head. so it inherits any irregular properties. |
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Term
| an argument that compounding precedes inflection |
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Definition
| inflection does not happen inside of compounds (hatsrack) |
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| reconciling exceptions to inflected compounds rule |
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Definition
| lice-infested and teeth-marks are irregular. almsgiving and scissors drawer- alms and scissors don't have obvious singulars. |
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