Term
| 3 main structures in the chest |
|
Definition
| mediastinum, right and left pleural cavities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| positioned in middle of chest; contains heart, aorta, superior vena cava, lower esophagus, and lower trachea |
|
|
Term
| 2 membranes lining the lungs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| parietal pleura protects... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| viseral pleura protects... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lungs are not symmetric b/c... |
|
Definition
| right lung has 3 lobes and left has 2 lobes |
|
|
Term
| each lung extends anteriorly about how many inches? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| above the first rib into the base of the neck in adults |
|
|
Term
| posteriorly, the lungs' apices rise to about the level of what? |
|
Definition
| T1 vertebra. on deep inspiration the lower borders expand down to about T12. On expiration about T9. |
|
|
Term
| the thoracic cage consists of |
|
Definition
| 12 T vertebrae, 12 pairs of ribs, and the sternum |
|
|
Term
| the thoracic cage's function is... |
|
Definition
| protects most of the respiratory system |
|
|
Term
| the first seven ribs are connected to |
|
Definition
| the sternum by the costal cartilages |
|
|
Term
| the unattached ribs are... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the adult sternum is how long? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the 3 components of the sternum |
|
Definition
| the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process |
|
|
Term
| what part of the sternum articulates with the first seven ribs |
|
Definition
| the body and the manubrium |
|
|
Term
| the clavicle is supported by the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the area b/w the ribs is the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primary muscles of inspiration are |
|
Definition
| diaphragm and intercostals |
|
|
Term
| during inspiration the diaphragm... |
|
Definition
| contracts and pushes the abdominal contents down |
|
|
Term
| during inspiration, the intercostals... |
|
Definition
| push the chest wall outward |
|
|
Term
| during inspiration, the movements of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles help to... |
|
Definition
| decrease the intrathoracic pressure so the pressure w/i the lung in negative compared with the pressure outside the lung |
|
|
Term
| the pressure difference during inspiration causes |
|
Definition
| the lungs to fill with air |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscles relax, expelling air as the intrathoracic pressure rises |
|
|
Term
Other accessory muscles include... |
|
Definition
| sternocleidomastoid, scalenus, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, rectus abdominus, serratus posterior superior, transverse thoracis, serratus posterior inferior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flexible tube about 4 inches in adult |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| through mouth or nose, through pharynx and larynx, to the trachea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nose, pharynx, larynx, intrathoracic trachea |
|
|
Term
| upper airway's function in respiration... |
|
Definition
| 1. conduct air to lower airway, 2. protect lower airway from foreign matter, 3. to warm, filter, and humidify inspired air |
|
|
Term
| lower airway consists of... |
|
Definition
| trachea, right and left mainstem bronchi, segmental and subsegmental bronchi, and terminal bronchioles |
|
|
Term
| what happens to trachea and T4 and T5 |
|
Definition
| it splits into the left and right mainstem bronchus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shorter, wider, and more vertical than the left one |
|
|
Term
| each bronchiole opens into |
|
Definition
| an alveolar duct and terminates in multiple alveoli, where gas exchanges occur. |
|
|
Term
| the most important risk factor for lung cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people who work with abestos are 7 times more likely to die of lung cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uranium breaks down to radon, possible risk for cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more predispositioned to developing cancer when exposed to tobacco |
|
|
Term
| what chronic diseases affect respiration? |
|
Definition
| heart disease, renal disease, and diabetes mellitus |
|
|
Term
| cigarette consumption documented how? |
|
Definition
| pack years; # of years X # of packs/day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have higher cancer and mortality rates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sudden onset and lasting less than 3 weeks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lasting longer than 3 weeks |
|
|
Term
| chronic cough commonly caused by |
|
Definition
| postnasal drip, GERD, asthma, bronichitis, cystic fibrosis, interstitial lung disease, smoking, and sarcoidosis |
|
|
Term
| increased sputum in the morning... |
|
Definition
| implies an accumulation of sputum at night and is common with bronchitis. |
|
|
Term
| sputum production with change in position |
|
Definition
| is suggestive of lung abcess and bronchiectasis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| colds, viral infections, or bronchitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smoke or coal dust inhalation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tuberculosis, pneumococcal pneumonia, or possibly blood |
|
|
Term
| bright red or dark purple sputum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the expectoration of sputum containing blood |
|
|
Term
| pink frothy sputum accompanied with dyspnea is associated with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| foul smelling (fetid) sputum is associated with |
|
Definition
| bacterial pneumonia, lung abcess, or bronchiectasis |
|
|
Term
| sudden onset of shortness of breath associated with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gradual onset of shortness of breath associated with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inspiratory dyspnea associate with |
|
Definition
| obstruction of the upper airway |
|
|
Term
| expiratory dyspnea associated with |
|
Definition
| obstruction of smaller bronchi and bronchioles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| difficulty in breathing when the individual is lying down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the client needs to prop up with three pillows to relieve dyspnea |
|
|
Term
| paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea |
|
Definition
| shortness of breath that awakens the individual in the middle of the night, usually in panic with felling of suffocation |
|
|
Term
| shortness of breath can also be a CV symptom as in |
|
Definition
| heart failure or sever heart murmur that may produce periphreal edema |
|
|
Term
| a sharp, abrupt pain associated with deep breathing may be indicative of |
|
Definition
| pleural lining irritation |
|
|
Term
| way of assessing severity of dyspnea is |
|
Definition
| counting clients words b/w breaths; severe dyspnea may take a breath after every third word; normally, a person can say 10 to 14 words before breath. Documented as "three-word dyspnea". |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pain when breathing, as a result...shallow breathing, which may lead to respiratory congestion |
|
|
Term
| smoking is leading risk factor for |
|
Definition
CV diseases, myocaridal infarction, coronary artery disease, stroke, periphreal vascular disease. Also for lung disease, including COPD. |
|
|
Term
| tobacco use is one of the 10 |
|
Definition
| leading health indicators |
|
|
Term
| Steps in resp examination |
|
Definition
INSPECT general appearance, posture, breathing effort INSPECT chest for shape symmetry, muscle development, anteroposterior diameter to transverse diameter, and costal angle. INSPECT client's nails, skin, and lips for color OBSERVE resp for rate, quality, pattern, and chest expansion. AUSCULTATE for breath sounds |
|
|
Term
| Advanced Practice in Resp Examination |
|
Definition
PALPATE trachea for positioning PALPATE chest and thoracic muscles for tenderness, bulges, and symmetry. PALPATE chest wall for thoracic expansion PALPATE chest wall for vocal (tactile) fremitus PERCUSS thorax for tone PERCUSS throax for diaphragmatic excursion AUSCULTATE chest for vocal sounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leaning foward with arms braced against knees, against a chair, or against a bed...suggests respiratory distress; enchances accessory muscle use |
|
|
Term
| ribs should slope down at |
|
Definition
| 45 degrees relative to the spine |
|
|
Term
| ratio of AP diameter to lateral diameter |
|
Definition
| 1:2; AP should be 1/2 size of lateral diameter |
|
|
Term
| anteriorly, the costal angle should be |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| barrel chest may appear in |
|
Definition
| emphysema; ribs may appear more horizontal and chest looks like it is held in constant inspiration; the costal angle is more than 90 degrees |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| or pigeon chest...has prominent sternum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| or funnel chest...sternum is indented above xiphoid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| should be 12 to 20 breaths/minute; this is referred to as eupnea (or normal breathing) |
|
|
Term
| Men tend to use what type of breathing? |
|
Definition
| Abdominal breathing (or diaphragmatic breathing) |
|
|
Term
| Women use what type of breathing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occasional interspersed deeper breath associated with a normal breathing pattern; frequent sighs are abnormal |
|
|
Term
| Clubbing of nails can be associated with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| resp rate less than 12 breaths/minute |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| resp rate greater than 20 breaths/minute; can be caused by fever, fear, or activity |
|
|
Term
| when hyperventilation occurs... |
|
Definition
| breathing is very deep and laborius...is termed Kussmaul breathing |
|
|
Term
| Biot breathing is characterized by |
|
Definition
| irregularly interspersed periods of apnea in irregular pattern, rate, or depth; may be associated with intracranial pressure, resp distress, or damage to medulla |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intervals of apnea interspersed with a deep and rapid breathing pattern; seen with severe illness, brain damage, or drug overdose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| and abnormal resp pattern seen with COPD; characterized by rapid inspirations with prolonged, forced expirations. Air is not fully exhaled, thus it becomes trapped in the lungs, which eventually leads to barrel chest. |
|
|
Term
| How to palpate the trachea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If trachea is not midline, it could mean |
|
Definition
| chest mass, mediastinal shift, or some degree of lung collapse |
|
|
Term
| Palpate chest and thoracic muscles using |
|
Definition
| palmar surface of your fingers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| feels like crinkly or crackly sensation under fingers; indicates air in the subcutaneous tissue caused by an air leak from somewhere in the respiratory tree |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 10 landmarks on back; 8 landmarks on front |
|
|
