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Lower Limb exam 3 - muscles
muscles for the 3rd lower limb exam
166
Medical
Professional
03/03/2013
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Term
Psoas major - origin
 Definition
 Ventral surfaces of caudal borders and bases of the transverse processes of all lumbar vertebrae
 Lateral surfaces of intervertebral discs of the last thoracic and all lumbar vertebrae
 Tendinous arches which allow the passage of lumbar arteries and veins
Term
Psoas major - insertion
 Definition
 Apex of the lesser trochanter of the femur, medial to the insertion of the iliacus
Term
Psoas major - nerve supply
 Definition
 Branches of the lumbar plexus containing fibers from L2 and L3
Term
Psoas major - functions
 Definition
 Flexor at the hip and a flexor of the lumbar spine
Term
Psoas minor - origin
 Definition
 12th thoracic and 1st lumbar ertebrae and the intervertebral disc between them
Term
Psoas minor - insertion
 Definition
 Via a long, thin tendon, into the iliopectineal eminence and into the iliac fascia
Term
Psoas minor - nerve supply
 Definition
 1st lumber nerve
Term
Psoas minor - functions
 Definition
 Flexion of the lumbar spine
Term
Iliacus - origin
 Definition
 Upper 2/3 of the iliac fossa
 Iliac crest reaching the ASIS and AIIS
 superolateral portion (ala) of the sacrum
 Anterior sacroiliac and iliolumbar ligaments
Term
Iliacus - insertion
 Definition
 Base of the lesser trochanter of the femur
Term
Iliacus - nerve supply
 Definition
 Femoral nerve
Term
Iliacus - functions
 Definition
 Flexion at the hip
Term
Iliacus minor (Iliocapsularis) - origin
 Definition
 AIIS
Term
Iliacus minor (Iliocapsularis) - insertion
 Definition
 Intertrochanteric line of the femur or the iliofemoral ligament
Term
Gluteus maximus - origin
 Definition
 Posterior gluteal line of the ilium and the bone superior and posterior to it
 Posterior surface of the sacrum and coccyx
 Aponeurosis of the sacrospinalis muscle
 Sacrotuberous ligament
 Gluteal aponeurosis covering the gluteus medius
Term
Gluteus maximus - insertion
 Definition
 Proximal and superficial fibers of the distal portion
• Iliotiial (IT) band
 Deep fibers of the distal portion
• Gluteal tuberosity
Term
Gluteus maximus - nerve supply
 Definition
 Inferior gluteal nerve
Term
Gluteus maximus - functions
 Definition
 Extends, laterally rotates and adducts the thigh at the hip
Term
Gluteus medius - origin
 Definition
 Outer surface of the ilium, between the iliac crst and the posterior gluteal line posteriorly and the anterior gluteal line anteriorly
Term
Gluteus medius - insertion
 Definition
 The oblique bony ridge on the lateral surface of the greater trochanter
Term
Gluteus medius - nerve supply
 Definition
 Superior gluteal nerve
Term
Gluteus medius - functions
 Definition
 Abducts the thigh and medially rotates the hip
 Anterior fibers flex and medially rotate at the hip
 Posterior portion laterally rotates at the hip
 Stabilizes the pelvis during locomotion
Term
Gluteus minimus - origin
 Definition
 Outer surface of the ilium between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines
 Edge of the greater sciatic notch
Term
Gluteus minimus - insertion
 Definition
 Anterior border of the greater trochanter
Term
Gluteus minimus - nerve supply
 Definition
 Superior gluteal nerve
Term
Gluteus minimus - functions
 Definition
 Abducts at the hip and medially rotates an extended hip
 Weak hip flexor
 Stabilizes the pelvis during locomotion
Term
Tensor fasciae latae - origin
 Definition
 Anterior end of the iliac crest near the ASIS
Term
Tensor fasciae latae - insertion
 Definition
 Iliotibial tract, slightly distal to the level of the greater trochanter
Term
Tensor fasciae latae - nerve supply
 Definition
 Superior gluteal nerve
Term
Tensor fasciae latae - functions
 Definition
 Flexes and medially rotates the hip
Term
Piriformis - origin
 Definition
 Anterior surface of the sacrum between the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th sacral foramina
Term
Piriformis - insertion
 Definition
 Superior border of the greater trochanter, posterior to the common tendon of the obturator internus and gemelli
Term
Piriformis - nerve supply
 Definition
 2nd or 1st and 2nd sacral nerves
Term
Piriformis - functions
 Definition
 Lateral rotator and abductor of a flexed hip
 Assists in extension at the hip
Term
Obturator internus - origin
 Definition
 inside surface of the superior and inferior pubic rami
 ischial ramus
 ilial and ischial contributions to the wall of the true pelvis
 obturator membrane
Term
Obturator internus - insertion
 Definition
 medial surface of the greater trochanter, anterior to the trochanteric fossa
Term
Obturator internus - nerve supply
 Definition
 Nerve to the obturator internus
Term
Obturator internus - functions
 Definition
 Laterally rotates and extends the hip
 Abducts a flexed hip
Term
Superior gemellus - origin
 Definition
 Outer surface of the ischial spine
Term
Superior gemellus - insertion
 Definition
 Medial surface of the greater trochanter
Term
Superior gemellus - nerve supply
 Definition
 Nerve to the obturator internus
Term
Superior gemellus - functions
 Definition
 Laterally rotates the hip
Term
Inferior gemellus - origin
 Definition
 Upper (superomedial) part of the ischial tuberosity
Term
Inferior gemellus - insertion
 Definition
 Medial surface of the greater trochanter
Term
Inferior gemellus - nerve supply
 Definition
 Nerve to the quadratus femoris
Term
Inferior gemellus - functions
 Definition
 Laterally rotates the hip
Term
Quadratus femoris - origin
 Definition
 External margin (lateral edge) of the ischial tuberosity
Term
Quadratus femoris - insertion
 Definition
 Linea quadrata and quadrate tubercle of the femur
Term
Quadratus femoris - nerve supply
 Definition
 Neve to the quadratus femoris
Term
Quadratus femoris - functions
 Definition
 Adducts and laterally rotates the hip
Term
Obturator externus - origin
 Definition
 Portions of the ischium and pubis which surround the medial margin of the obturator foramen
 Obturator membrane
Term
Obturator externus - insertion
 Definition
 Trochanteric fossa of the femur
Term
Obturator externus - nerve supply
 Definition
 Posterior division of the obturator nerve
Term
Obturator externus - functions
 Definition
 Adducts and laterally rotates the hip
Term
Sartorius - origin
 Definition
 ASIS and the notch below it
Term
Sartorius - insertion
 Definition
 Proximal part of the medial surface of the body of the tibia, in common with the gracilis and semitendinosus (pes anserinus)
Term
Sartorius - nerve supply
 Definition
 Femoral nerve
Term
Sartorius - functions
 Definition
 Flexes, abducts and laterally rotates the hip
 Flexes the knee and medially rotates the leg from the flexed position
Term
Rectus femoris - origin
 Definition
 Straight (anterior) tendon arises from the AIIS
 Reflected (posterior) tendon arises from a groove above the acetabulum
 Tendons merge and form a broad aponeurosis on the ventral surface of the muscle
Term
Rectus femoris - insertion
 Definition
 Base (superior) border of the patella, via a thick aponeurotic tendon then via the patellar ligament to the tibial tuberosity
Term
Rectus femoris - nerve supply
 Definition
 Femoral nerve
Term
Rectus femoris - functions
 Definition
 Extension of the knee
 Flexion of the hip
Term
Vastus lateralis - origin
 Definition
 Lateral lip of the linea aspera
 Lateral lip of the gluteal tuberosity
 Anterior and inferior borders of the greater trochanter
 Proximal intertrochanteric line
Term
Vastus lateralis - insertion
 Definition
 Lateral border of the patella and tendon of the quadriceps femoris, then via the patellar ligament to the tibial tuberosity
Term
Vastus lateralis - nerve supply
 Definition
 Femoral nerve
Term
Vastus lateralis - functions
 Definition
 Extension of the knee
Term
Vastus medialis - origin
 Definition
 Distal intertrochanteric line
 Medial intermuscular septum
 Tendons of the adductor longus and magnus
 Proximal medial supracondylar line
 Medial lip of the linea aspera
Term
Vastus medialis - insertion
 Definition
 Medial border of the patella and the tendon of the quadriceps femoris, then via the patellar ligment to the tibial tuberosity
Term
Vastus medialis - nerve supply
 Definition
 Femoral nerve
Term
Vastus medialis - functions
 Definition
 Extension of the knee
Term
Vastus intermedius - origin
 Definition
 Proximal 2/3 of the anterior and lateral surfaces of the femur
Term
Vastus intermedius - insertion
 Definition
 Quadriceps tendon, then via the patellar ligament to the tibial tuberosity
Term
Vastus intermedius - nerve supply
 Definition
 Femoral nerve
Term
Vastus intermedius - functions
 Definition
 Extension of the knee
Term
Articularis genu - origin
 Definition
 Anterior surface of the distal femur
Term
Articularis genu - insertion
 Definition
 Synovial membrane of the knee joint
Term
Articularis genu - nerve supply
 Definition
 Femoral nerve
Term
Articularis genu - functions
 Definition
 Draws the synovium proximally
Term
Gracilis - origin
 Definition
 Inferior half of the pubic symphysis and the superior half of the pubic arch (inferior pubic ramus)
Term
Gracilis - insertion
 Definition
 Proximal part of the medial surface of the tibia in common with the sartorius and semitendinosus
Term
Gracilis - nerve supply
 Definition
 Anterior division of the obturator nerve
Term
Gracilis - functions
 Definition
 Adductor and medial rotator at the hip and a flexor at the knee
Term
Pectineus - origin
 Definition
 Pecten pubis
 Bone anterior to the pecten pubis between the pubic tubercle
 Iliopectineal eminence
Term
Pectineus - insertion
 Definition
 Pectineal line
Term
Pectineus - nerve supply
 Definition
 Femoral nerve
 Accessory obturator nerve (if present) supplies a branch to the muscle
 Obturator nerve may also supply a branch
Term
Pectineus - functions
 Definition
 Flexion, adduction and medial rotation of the hip
Term
Adductor longus - origin
 Definition
 Front of the body of the pubis
Term
Adductor longus - insertion
 Definition
 Medial lip of the linea aspera
Term
Adductor longus - nerve supply
 Definition
 Anterior branch of the obturator nerve
Term
Adductor longus - functions
 Definition
 Adductor and flexor of the hip
Term
Adductor brevis - origin
 Definition
 Inferior pubic ramus between gracilis and obturator externus
Term
Adductor brevis - insertion
 Definition
 Proximal part of the linea aspera
Term
Adductor brevis - nerve supply
 Definition
 Obturator nerve (usually anterior division)
Term
Adductor brevis - functions
 Definition
 Adductor and flexor of the hip
Term
Adductor magnus - origin
 Definition
 Inferior pubic ramus
 Ramus of the ischium
 Ischial tuberosity
Term
Adductor magnus - insertion
 Definition
 Gluteal tuberosity
 Linea aspera
 Medial supracondylar line
 Adductor tubercle of the femur
Term
Adductor magnus - nerve supply
 Definition
 Posterior division of the obturator nerve
 Tibial portion of the sciatic nerve
Term
Adductor magnus - functions
 Definition
 Adductor, flexor and extensor at the hip
Term
Biceps femoris - origin
 Definition
 Long head from the posterior part of the ischial tuberosity, below the oblique line by a common tendon with the semitendinosus and from the sacrotuberous ligament
 Short head from the lateral lip of the linea aspera, between the adductor magnus and vastus lateralis, the lateral supracondylar line of the femur and the lateral intermuscular septum
Term
Biceps femoris - insertion
 Definition
 Fibers of the long head pass over the sciatic nerve and end in an aponeurosis which narrows to a tendon which is inserted into the lateral side of the styloid process of the head of the fibula, and into the lateral condyle of the tibia
 The tendon surrounds the fibular collateral ligament and runs lateral to the common peroneal nerve
Term
Biceps femoris - nerve supply
 Definition
 Long head - tibial portion of the sciatic nerve
 Short head - common peroneal portion of the sciatic nerve
Term
Biceps femoris - functions
 Definition
 Both heads act to flex the knee and laterally rotate the knee from a flexed position
 Long head laterally rotates the hip
Term
Semitendinosus - origin
 Definition
 Originates with the long head of the biceps femoris, from the posterior ischial tuberosity below the oblique line
 A substantial aponeurosis, which connects the semitendinosus and the biceps femoris for about 8 cm from their origin
Term
Semitendinosus - insertion
 Definition
 Ends in a tendon at the middle of the thigh that lies along the medial border of the popliteal fossa
Term
Semitendinosus - nerve supply
 Definition
 Tibial portion of the sciatic nerve
Term
Semitendinosus - functions
 Definition
 Flexor at the knee and a medial rotator from full flexion
 Also extends the hip
Term
Semimembranosus - origin
 Definition
 Upper outer (lateral) portion of the oblique line of the ischial tuberosity above the semitendinosus and biceps femoris
 Aponeurotic expansion of the tendon of origin
Term
Semimembranosus - insertion
 Definition
 Groove on the medial surface of the medial condyle of the tibia
 Posterior surface of the lateral condyle of the femur
 Fascia which covers the popliteus muscle
 Gives rise to fibers that proceed superolaterally to form the oblique popliteal ligament
Term
Semimembranosus - nerve supply
 Definition
 Tibial portion of the sciatic nerve
Term
Semimembranosus - functions
 Definition
 Flexor at the knee and a medial rotator from full flexion
 Also extends the thigh
Term
Tibialis anterior - origin
 Definition
 Lateral condyle and upper 2/3 of the lateral surface of the tibia
 Interosseous membrane
 Deep crural fascia
Term
Tibialis anterior - insertion
 Definition
 Medial plantar surface of the medial cuneiform
 Base of the 1st metatarsal
Term
Tibialis anterior - nerve supply
 Definition
 Deep peroneal nerve
Term
Tibialis anterior - functions
 Definition
 Dorsiflexor and inverter at the ankle
 Supinator at the intertarsal joints
Term
Extensor hallucis longus - origin
 Definition
 Middle 2/3 of the anterior surface of the fibula, medial to the origin of the extensor digitorum longus
 Accessory origin from the interosseous membrane
Term
Extensor hallucis longus - insertion
 Definition
 Base of the distal phalanx of the 1st digit
 Additional slip of insertion into the base of the 1st metatarsal
Term
Extensor hallucis longus - nerve supply
 Definition
 Deep peroneal nerve
Term
Extensor hallucis longus - functions
 Definition
 Extension at the 1st MPJ
 Dorsiflexion of the ankle joint
 Supination at the intertarsal joints
Term
Extensor hallucis capsularis - origin
 Definition
 Extension of the extensor hallucis longus tendon
Term
Extensor hallucis capsularis - insertion
 Definition
 Medial surface of the capsule of the first MPJ
Term
Extensor hallucis capsularis - nerve supply
 Definition
 Deep peroneal nerve
Term
Extensor hallucis capsularis - functions
 Definition
 Lifts the capsule out of the joint to prevent entrapment of the capsule
Term
Extensor digitorum longus - origin
 Definition
 Lateral condyle of the tibia
 Head and upper ¾ of the anterior surface of the fibula
 Interosseous membrane
 Deep fascia
 Anterior intermuscular septum between it and the peroneus longus
Term
Extensor digitorum longus - insertion
 Definition
 Extensor expansion of the 2nd , 3rd, and 4th digits
Term
Extensor digitorum longus - nerve supply
 Definition
 Deep peroneal nerve
Term
Extensor digitorum longus - functions
 Definition
 Extension of the MPJ’s of the 4 lateral digits
 Dorsiflexes and everts the ankle
 Pronates the intertarsal joints
Term
Peroneus tertius - origin
 Definition
 Lower 1/3 of the anterior surface of the fibula
Term
Peroneus tertius - insertion
 Definition
 Tendon passes with that of the extensor digitorum longus to its insertion on the base of the 5th metatarsal
Term
Peroneus tertius - nerve supply
 Definition
 Deep peroneal nerve
Term
Peroneus tertius - functions
 Definition
 Dorsiflexor and evertor of the ankle
 Pronator of the intertarsal joints
Term
Peroneus longus - origin
 Definition
 Head and upper 2/3 of the body (lateral surface) of the fibula
 Lateral tibial condyle
 Crural fascia
 Both intermuscular septa
Term
Peroneus longus - insertion
 Definition
 Lateral side of the base of the 1st metatarsal and the latral side of the medial cuneiform
 Sometimes an accessory insertion into the base of the 2nd metatarsal
Term
Peroneus longus - nerve supply
 Definition
 Superficial peroneal nerve
Term
Peroneus longus - functions
 Definition
 Plantarflexion and eversion of the ankle
 Pronates the intertarsal joints
Term
Peroneus brevis - origin
 Definition
 Lower 2/3 of the body (lateral surface) of the fibula
 Crural fascia
 Both intermuscular septa
Term
Peroneus brevis - insertion
 Definition
 Tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal
Term
Peroneus brevis - nerve supply
 Definition
 Superficial peroneal nerve
Term
Peroneus brevis - functions
 Definition
 Plantarflexion and eversion of the ankle
 Pronates the intertarsal joints
Term
Gastrocnemius - origin
 Definition
• Medial head – proximal and posterior part of the medial condyle
• Lateral head – a depression on the lateral side of the lateral condyle
Term
Gastrocnemius - insertion
 Definition
• Two heads join in a tendinous raphe which forms the aponeurosis of the muscle
• Aponeurosis joins with the tendon of the soleus to form the tendo calcaneus
• Tendo calcaneus inserts into the central part of the posterior surface of the calcaneus
Term
Gastrocnemius - nerve supply
 Definition
• Tibial nerve
Term
Gastrocnemius - functions
 Definition
• Plantarflexion of the ankle
• Supination of the intertarsal joints
• Flexes at the knee
Term
Soleus - origin
 Definition
• Posterior surface of the head and body of the fibula
• Soleal line
• Middle 1/3 of the tibia
• Tendinous arch between the tibia and fibula
Term
Soleus - insertion
 Definition
• The tendo calcaneus, into the calcaneus
Term
Soleus - nerve supply
 Definition
• Tibial nerve
Term
Soleus - functions
 Definition
• Plantarflexion of the ankle
Term
Plantaris - origin
 Definition
• Lateral supracondylar line of the femur and the oblique popliteal ligament
Term
Plantaris - insertion
 Definition
• Medial side of the posterior surface of the calcaneus
Term
Plantaris - nerve supply
 Definition
• Tibial nerve
Term
Plantaris - functions
 Definition
• Plantarflexion at the ankle
• Flexion at the knee
Term
Popliteus - origin
 Definition
• Groove on the lateral condyle of the femur
• Arcuate popliteal ligament
• Lateral meniscus
Term
Popliteus - insertion
 Definition
• Proximal to the soleal line on the body of the tibia
Term
Popliteus - nerve supply
 Definition
• Tibial nerve
Term
Popliteus - functions
 Definition
• Flexor and rotator at the knee
• Unlocks the knee
• With weight on the limb – rotates the thigh laterally
• With no weight on the limb – rotates the leg medially
Term
Flexor hallucis longus - origin
 Definition
• Distal 2/3 of the posterior surface of the fibula
• Interosseous membrane
• Posterior intermuscular septum
Term
Flexor hallucis longus - insertion
 Definition
• Base of the distal phalanx of the 1st digit
Term
Flexor hallucis longus - nerve supply
 Definition
• Tibial nerve
Term
Flexor hallucis longus - functions
 Definition
• Flexor of the interphalangeal joint of the 1st digit
• Plantarflexion at the ankle
• Supination at the intertarsal joints
Term
Flexor digitorum longus - origin
 Definition
• Posterior surface of the proximal 2/3 of the body of the tibia, below the soleal line
Term
Flexor digitorum longus - insertion
 Definition
• Divides into 4 tendons, which are inserted into the bases of the distal phalanges of digits 2, 3, 4 and 5
Term
Flexor digitorum longus - nerve supply
 Definition
• Tibial nerve
Term
Flexor digitorum longus - functions
 Definition
• Flexes distal IPJ’s
• Plantarflexion at the ankle joint
• Supination at the intertarsal joints
Term
Tibialis posterior - origin
 Definition
• Most of the posterior surface of the interosseous membrane
• Posterior surface of the tibia, below the soleal line
• Upper 2/3 of the medial surface of the fibula
Term
Tibialis posterior - insertion
 Definition
• Tuberosity of the navicular
• Extensions to the sustentaculum tali, all 3 cuneiforms, cuboid and the bases of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th metatarsals
Term
Tibialis posterior - nerve supply
 Definition
• Tibial nerve
Term
Tibialis posterior - functions
 Definition
• Supinator of the intertarsal joints
• Plantarflexion of the ankle
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