Term
|
Definition
| -partial loss of muscle function caused by deficits in motor function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -total loss of muscle function caused by deficits in motor function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Definition: Proprioception |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -the conscious perception of noxious stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -reduced perception of noxiuous stimuli (pain) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -altered sensory perception |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Hyperesthesia |
|
Definition
| -increased sensitivity to non-painful stimulli |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Upper Motor Neurons (UMN) |
|
Definition
| -part of the motor system with both neurons and axons confined to CNS |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Lower Motor Neuron (LMN) |
|
Definition
| -part of the motor system with neurons located in CNS and axons form the peripheral NS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -away from the brain, usually refers to motor pathways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -towards the brain, usually refers to sensory pathways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -cerebrum plus the diencephalon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -pons, medulla, and cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Postural reaction |
|
Definition
| -tests that involve sensory and motor function and require coordination in the cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -actions that occur below the level of consciousness |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Not all reflexes have sensory and motor components |
|
Definition
| FALSE; ALL reflexes have sensory and motor components THUS are found in both somatic and autonomic nervous systems |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Somatic Nervous System |
|
Definition
| -the nn that supply the body wall and limb as opposed to the viscera |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Autonomic Nervous System |
|
Definition
-composed of sympathetic and parasympathetic components
-regulate many visceral functions below the level of consciousness such as repiration, HR, digestion, and many glandural functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-aggregations of neurons within the CNS that share similar functions
ex: vestibular nuclei located in the rostral medulla |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-aggregations of neurons located outsidethe CNS that share similar functions
-ex: dorsal root ganglia located outside the spinal cord and contain the neurons of sensory peripheral nn |
|
|
Term
| Give a few examples of defects in the development of the NS |
|
Definition
-hydrocephalus
-spina bifida
-cerebellar hypoplasia |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 embryonic germ cell layers? |
|
Definition
| -ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm |
|
|
Term
| The nervous system is derived from ________ and is specifically called _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process by which the nervous system develops from the ectoderm is called what? When in development does it begin? |
|
Definition
-neurulation
-3rd week of fetal life |
|
|
Term
| The vertebra, skull, and muscle are derived from which derm layer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the steps of the development of the nervous system? |
|
Definition
-Step 1: formation of the neural plate
-step 2: differentiation of neural plate into the neural tube, the neural tube closes in early embryonic development
-Step 3: neural tube differentiates into the brain and spinal cord; the lumen of the neural tue becomes the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord
-Step 4: formation of the neural crest, neural crest cells are derived from the neural plate (neural crest cells migrate to many sites in the body and they create most components of the peripheral and autonomic NS) |
|
|
Term
| Give some examples of defects in neural tube development? |
|
Definition
-Dysraphism (abnormal seam or suture): common defects in bulldogs and manx cats
-Anencaphaly: absence of cerebral hemisphers
-Spina bifida: failure to close the certebral arch; often associated with spinal dysraphism |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the peripheral and autonomic NS? |
|
Definition
-peripheral nn
-peripheral cells of the autonomic SN
-ganglia
-Schwann cells: cell that make myelin
-Pigment cells of the skin (melanocytes) |
|
|
Term
| _________ creates the skeleton that surrounds and protects the CNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 components of the nervous sytem? |
|
Definition
-peripheral NS
-central NS
-autonomic |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the CNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the PNS? |
|
Definition
| -peripheral and cranial nn |
|
|
Term
| True or False: The autonomic NS contains broth central and peripheral components. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the major divisions of the brain? |
|
Definition
-cerebrum
-cerebellum
-brain stem |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the cerebrum? |
|
Definition
-cognitive functions, consciuous perception of sensory information (visio, hearing, noxious stimuli, and peoprioception), behavior and motor activates
-DOES NOT MAINTAIN GAIT IN QUADRUPEDS |
|
|
Term
| What are functions of the frontal lobes? |
|
Definition
| -motor and behavioral functions |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the temporal lobe? |
|
Definition
| -hearing, proprioception, and other sensory functions |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the parietal lobe? |
|
Definition
| -touch, pain, pressure, temperature, position sense, and noxious stimuli |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the occipital lobe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: sensory information is generally projected to the contralateral cerebral hemisphere while motor impulses are projected to the contralateral limbs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the brain stem? |
|
Definition
| -diencephalon, midbrain, pons, and medulla |
|
|
Term
| Note: The brainstem contains cranial nerve nuclei, centers that initiate motor activity, vestibular centers, and both sensory and motor long tracts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Motor centers in the brainstem maintain gait in quadrupeds. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the diencephalon? Functions? |
|
Definition
-Thalamus: major center for relaying sensory information to the cerebrum
-Hypothalamus: ventral to thalamus; involved with endocrine and autonomic functions
-CNII: Optic n just rostral to thalamus |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the Midbrain? Functions? |
|
Definition
-CNIII (Occulomotor): controls movement of the eyeball and pupillary constriction in response to light
-Somatic motor functions |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Lesions rostral to the midbrain cause neurological deficits in the ipsilateral limbs and lesions caudal to the midbrain cause contralateral deficits. |
|
Definition
| FALSE, lesions rostral to the midbrain cause ceurological deficits in the contralateral limbs, and lesions caudal to the midbrain cause ipsilateral deficits |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of midbrain disease? |
|
Definition
| -paresis, ataxia, and ventro-lateral strabismus and PLR deficits in the eye ipislateral to the lesion |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the pons? |
|
Definition
-area where motor and sensory information flows to and from the cerebellum
-has centers for motor function and contains the centers for the micturition |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of a lesion in the pons? |
|
Definition
-ataxia, paresis, and cranial nerve dysfunction
CLINICAL SIGNS ARE IPSILATERAL TO THE LESION |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the medulla? Functions? |
|
Definition
-CN 5-12
-contains motor, vestibular, vomiting, and cardiopulmonary centers |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of a lesion in the medulla? |
|
Definition
-depression, paresis, ataxia, vestibular, and cranial nerve dysfunction
CLINICAL SIGNS ARE IPSILATERAL TO THE LESION |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
-coordinates and regulates motor activity initiated in other parts of the brain
-gets sensory input from all areas of the boyd (vision, general proprioception, an dvestibular inputs) |
|
|
Term
| Lesions in the cerebellum may cause the syndrome of _________ vestibular disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the major clinical signs of cerebellar disease? |
|
Definition
-severe symmetrical ataxia of the limbs of the body
NO PARESIS OR DEPRESSION IN PURE CEREBELLAR DISEASE |
|
|
Term
| True or false: Developmental defects in the cerebellum are common and can be inherited or caused by infectious viral agents that affect the cerebellum during embryonic development. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the forebrain? |
|
Definition
| -cerebrum and diencephalon |
|
|
Term
| What are the major clinical signs of a lesion in the forebrain? |
|
Definition
-seizures
-depression, dementia
-circling towards the side of the lesion
-aimless wandering and head pressing
-blindness, decreased menace response in contralateral eye
-decreased perception of noxious stimuli
-postural deficits in contralateral limbs
-little to no gait abnormality
-endocrine dysfunction |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the hindbrain? |
|
Definition
| pons, medulla, and cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| The spinal cord is composed of ________ and ________ axons or long tracts (white matter peripherally) and both ________ and ________ neurons (gray matter centrally). |
|
Definition
-motor and sensory axons
-sensory and motor neurons |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Spinal cord segment |
|
Definition
| -that area bonded by a pair of spinal nn located on each side of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
Each spinal nerve has a dorsal root which is strictly ______ and a ventral root that is strictly _________.
Hint: sensory or motor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The dorsal root ganglion contains the nerve cell bodies of what kinds of nerves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are motor nerve cell bodies located? What is another term for them? |
|
Definition
-ventral lateral gray matter
-called lower motor neurons |
|
|
Term
| True or False: The dorsal horns contain neurons for the integration f sensory information. They interact with LMN to initiate spinal reflexes or can relay info via sensory long tracts to the brain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the division of the canine spinal cord? How many vertebrae are in each segment? |
|
Definition
-Cervical: 8
-Thoracic: 13
-Lumbar: 7
-Sacral: 3
-Coccygeal: 5 |
|
|
Term
| What spinal cord segments innervate the TL? What is the term for this segment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What spinal cord segments innervate the PL? What is the term for this segment? |
|
Definition
-L3-S2
-Lumbosacral olexus |
|
|
Term
| How can nerves be generally evaluated? |
|
Definition
| -testing postural reactions, spinal reflexes, and sensation to various parts of the limb |
|
|
Term
| The outer region of the spinal cord is (white/gray) matter composed of _______ organized into spinal pathways or tracts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ascending pathways are primarily (sensory/motor) and carry information to the brain. Examples? |
|
Definition
-sensory
-pain, touch, pressure, temperature, and proprioception |
|
|
Term
| The descending pathways transmit both _______ (somatic) and ______ (autonomic) (sensory/motor) information from centers in the cerebrum and brainstem. What is the other term for these neurons? |
|
Definition
-voluntary
-involuntary
-motor
-UMN |
|
|
Term
| The core of the spinal cord is composed of (gray/white) matter. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ventral gray matter contains the (motor/sensory) neurons whose axons innervate _______. These are called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LMS innervate _______ and are the motor component of _____. |
|
Definition
-muscle and glands
-reflexes |
|
|
Term
| Neurons in the dorsal gray matter are responsible for what? |
|
Definition
| -integrating sensory information and relaying information to other areas of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| True or False: All reflexes have a sensory and a motor component and are involuntary. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give 2 examples of spinal reflexes |
|
Definition
-Extensor: knee jerk or patellar reflex
-Flexor: withdrawal reflex |
|
|
Term
| Outline the descending pathways in the spinal cord. What are these neurons called? |
|
Definition
neurons in brain=> axons travel down spinal cord=> initiate motor actions
-called Upper Motor Neurons |
|
|
Term
| The ventral grey matter of the spinal cord contains the motor neurons whose axons innervate _________. These neurons are called ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or false: UMNs are the motor component of reflexes. |
|
Definition
| FALSE, LMN are the motor component of reflexes. |
|
|
Term
| What are the neurons in the dorsal grey matter responsible for? |
|
Definition
| -integrating sensory information and relaying information to oher areas of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| All reflexes have a (sensory/motor/both) component and are (voluntary/involuntary). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two most important types of spinal reflexes? |
|
Definition
-withdrawal reflex
-extensor/ knee jerk/ patellar reflex |
|
|
Term
| Outline the pathway of a spinal reflex |
|
Definition
| noxious timulus=> transmitted to spinal cord via peripheral nn=> enters via dorsal root=> synapses on interneurons=> on ipsilateral sie, stim flexor mm and inh extensor mm=> animal moves away from the nixous stimulus and prevents injury |
|
|
Term
| Are spinal reflexes contralateral or ipsilateral? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Definition: Crossed Extensor Reflex |
|
Definition
| -during the stimulation of a spinal nerve, in the ipsilateral side flexors will be stim and extensors are inh THUS this reflex is when on the contralateral side, extensor mm stim and flexor mm inh |
|
|
Term
| In the PL, what nerve does the withdrawal reflex test? TL? |
|
Definition
-sciatic
-several, mostly radial and musculocutaneous in brachial plexus |
|
|
Term
| What is the most reliable extensor reflex? Is it monosynaptic or polysynaptic? Which nerve does it test? |
|
Definition
-patellar or knee jerk reflex
-monosynaptic
-femoral nerve |
|
|
Term
| the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is composed of what nerves? |
|
Definition
-cranial nen
-nn that innervate the trunk and limbs |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Peripheral nn contain motor and sensory fibers but no autonomic fibers. |
|
Definition
| FALSE, contains motor, sensory, and autonomic fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Olfactory n
-senses smell, no motor
-test response to odors |
|
|
Term
| Definition and test: CNII |
|
Definition
-Optic n
-senses sight, no motor
-test via menace |
|
|
Term
| Definition and test: CNIII |
|
Definition
-Oculomotor n
-no sensory, motor is eyeball movement, PLR
-test via conjugate eye, PLRs (constriction) |
|
|
Term
| Definition and test: CNIV |
|
Definition
-Trochlear n
-no sensory, mtoor is dorsal oblique eye movement
-no tests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Trigeminal n
-sensory to face and mandible AND motor to mm of mastication
-test via palpebral reflex |
|
|
Term
| Definition and test: CNVI |
|
Definition
-Abducent n
-no sensory, motor is lateral oblique and retractor oculi mm
-test via conjugate eye |
|
|
Term
| Definition and test: CNVII |
|
Definition
-Facial n
-sensory to inner ear canal/taste AND motor to mm of facial expression
-test via palpebral reflex |
|
|
Term
| Definition and test: CNVIII |
|
Definition
-Vestibulocochlear n
-sensory for hearing and balance; no motor
-test via neuroexam |
|
|
Term
| Definition and test: CNIX |
|
Definition
-Glossopharyngeal n
-sensory to pharynx AND motor to pharynx (swallowing)
-test via gag reflex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-vagus n
-sensory to viscera AND motor to mm of viscera
-test via gag reflex |
|
|
Term
| Definition and test: CNXI |
|
Definition
-Spinal accessory n
-no sensory, motor to trapezius m
-no test |
|
|
Term
| Definition and test: CNXII |
|
Definition
-Hypoglossal n
-no sensory, motor to tongue mm
-no test |
|
|
Term
| What are the systems most evaluated in neurology for motor, sensory, and special sensory? |
|
Definition
-Motor: general somatic efferent system
-Sensory: general somatic afferent: Proprioception, touch, pressure, temperature, and pain
-Special sensory: special visceral afferent: vision, hearing, taste, vestibular |
|
|
Term
| The motor efferent system is composed of neuronal centers located in the _______ called (UMN/LMN) and neurons located in the _______ _______ and ______ called (UMN/LMN). |
|
Definition
-brain
-UMN
-spinal chord
-brainstem
-LMN |
|
|
Term
| UMNs are located where? What do they do? |
|
Definition
-brainstem and cerebral cortex
-initiate voluntary motor activity and produce their action via connections via LMNs |
|
|
Term
| True or False: UMNs have only facilitory actions on the LMNs which help regulate motor activities such as gait. |
|
Definition
| FALSE; have both facilitory and inhibitory actions |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 major UMN pathways in animals? |
|
Definition
-Pyramidal
-extra-pyramidal |
|
|
Term
| Outline the Pyramidal UMN System |
|
Definition
| -frontal cortex=> axons cross at pyramids in caudal medulla=> course on ipsilateral side=> to limbs |
|
|
Term
| Outline the Extra-pyramidal UMN System |
|
Definition
| -brainstem=> axons cross near midbrain=> go down to limbs |
|
|
Term
| Is the pyramidal or extra-pyramidal UMN system more important in quadrupeds? Why? |
|
Definition
-extra-pyramidal
-quadrupeds are brainstem walkers, thus the UMN centers that control gait are located in the brainstem |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of lesions affecting the extra-pyramidal system? |
|
Definition
| -cause gait and postural rxn deficits in the ipsilateral limbs |
|
|
Term
| What motor functions does the cerebral cortex control? What test are useful to check it? |
|
Definition
-NOT GAIT, involved in performining learned responses
-test= hopping, placing, and paw righting. |
|
|
Term
| LMNs are found in the __________ and the neuron cell bodies are located in the _________. |
|
Definition
-spinal cord (all segments)
-ventral grey matter |
|
|
Term
| Outline the path of LMNs. |
|
Definition
| ventral grey=> exit spinal cord as ventral nerve roots=> become peripheral nn (may also contain sensory axons)=> terminate at motor endplates of muscle fibers=> innervate muscle or glands |
|
|
Term
| True or False: All motor activity of the CNS is expressed via the UMN system. And thus necessary for reflex wactivity. |
|
Definition
| FALSE, via LMN system and UMN are not required for reflex b/c reflexesa re involuntary |
|
|
Term
| What is the major clinical sign of motor dysfunction regardless of UMN or LMN/ |
|
Definition
| -paresis (partial dysfunction) or paralysis (complete dysfunction |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of UMN dysfunction? How does its location matter? |
|
Definition
-evaluate by gait and postural rxns
-cause paresis/paralysis, normal to inc reflexes distal to lesion
-blow midbrain= severe gait abnormalities and signs in ipsilateral limbs
-above midbrain= minor gait abnormalities and postural deficits in contralateral limbs |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of LMN dysfunction? Are the contralateral or ipsilateral limbs affected? |
|
Definition
-cause paresis/paralysis, reduced muscle tone, rapid neurogenic muscle atrophy, and dec or absent reflexes
-ipsilateral limbs |
|
|
Term
| True or False: If paresis only affects the hind limbs, you know it is a lesion caudal to the brachial plexus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a cat presents with hindlimb paresis and has normal or increase hindlimb reflexes, where is the lesion? If the reflexes are decreased? Is it UMN or LMN? |
|
Definition
-inc/normal= T3-L2 and UMN
-dec= L3-S2 and LMN |
|
|
Term
| A dog presents with severe paresis of all limbs (tetraparesis. What are the CNS and PNS locations in which a lesion could occur to cause this sign? |
|
Definition
-CNS: C1-5, C6-T2, brainstem
-PNS: generalized LMN disease |
|
|
Term
| What is the responsibility of the General Proprioception Pathway? Where are the receptors located? |
|
Definition
-sense of position of body, limbs, and head
-receptors in tendons, joint capsules, and mm |
|
|
Term
| Outline the General Proprioception Pathway. |
|
Definition
| peripheral nn=> enter spinal cord via dorsal n root=> info integrated in dorsal grey matter=> relayed to cerebellum, brainstem, and cerebrum via long tracts. |
|
|
Term
| What is the major clinical signs of proprioceptive dysfunction? |
|
Definition
| -ataxia (deficits in limb/body coordination and posture) |
|
|
Term
| the dorsal column pathway involves the (unconscious/conscious) perception of ________. How is it tested? |
|
Definition
-conscious
-proprioception
-tested by paw-righting test |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of a lesion in the dorsal column system? Ipsilateral or contralateral? |
|
Definition
-foot dragging and mild ataxia
-near midbrain so lesions above midbrain are in contralateral and lesions below midbrain are in ipsilateral limbs |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the spinocerebellar system? Ipsilateral or contralateral/ |
|
Definition
-transmit proprioceptive information to the cerebellum where it is used to coordinate motor activity
-ipsilateral |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of a lesion in the spinocerebellar system? |
|
Definition
| -severe ataxia with signs similar to cerebellar disease, but NO INTENTION TREMORS |
|
|
Term
| What is the responsibility of the sensory system? What are its two divisions? |
|
Definition
-reflexes and conscious perception of noxious stimuli (pain)
-Superficial and deep |
|
|
Term
| Deep pain pathways are (bilateral/unilateral) and (unisynaptic/multisynaptic). the project info to (left/right/both) cerebral hemisphere(s). |
|
Definition
-bilateral
-multisynaptic
-both |
|
|
Term
| Superficial pain pathways project largely to the (ipsilateral/contralateral) cerebral cortex. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Lesions in the spinal cord must be unilateral and severe to abolish deep pain responses. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: The vestibular system has peripheral and central components. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the central components of the vestibular system? The peripheral |
|
Definition
-Central: located in the rostral medulla near the origins of the facial and trigeminal nn
-Peripheral: semi-circular canals in the inner ear and the vestibular n |
|
|
Term
| What is the sensory function of the vestibular system? Outline its pathway. |
|
Definition
-detects the linear motion and angular acceleration of the head
-info enters cerebellar peduncles=> cerebellum=> follows vestibulospinal tract to transmit motor activity and powerful stimulation of extensor mm |
|
|
Term
| The vestibulospinal tracts are an important component of the antigravity system since they facilitate ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Motor impulses also travel cranially via the __________ to nuclei of nn innervating the extra-ocular eye mm ( CN III, IV, and VI) and is important for what functions? |
|
Definition
-medial longitudinal fasciculus
-coordination of eye movements when the head turns. |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal response of the eye when the head turns? What happens when this is broken? |
|
Definition
-vestibular/conjugate eye movements
-broken= eyes staying dixed when the ehad turns |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of vestibular disease? Peripheral vestibular disease? Central vestibular disease? |
|
Definition
-asymmetrical ataxia, head tilt, circling, and falling towards the side of the lesion AND nystagmus to opposite side
-Peripheral= postural rxs are normal
-Central= postural rxns are depressed or absent |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the neuroanatomy of the eye and what are their functions? |
|
Definition
-retina: image and light scanner
-Optic n: carries fribers for vision and PLR
-Optic Chiasm: point at chich fibers criss
-Optic tract: carries fibers for vision and PLr
-Lateral geniculate body of the thalamus: fibers from optic tract synapse here on neurons that will project to the visual/occipital cortex
-Optic radiation: fibers that project to the occipital cortex
-Occipital cortex: area where the image is developed into a picture
-Midbrain centers for parasympathetic division of the oculomotor nn: PLR, fibers form one side project to both eyes via CNIII |
|
|
Term
| The digitalized information from the retinas is carried to the brain via what? |
|
Definition
| -optin nerves, optic chiasm, optic tracts, lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, and optic radiation |
|
|
Term
| The image received by the retinas is developed in the _______. Are they projected to the ipsilateral or contralateral cortex? |
|
Definition
-occipital cortex
-contralateral |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary test to test the visual response pathway? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Outline the pathway for PLR. |
|
Definition
| fibers for PLR leave the optic tracts=> enter the midbrain=> synapse on the parasympathetic motor centers of oculomotor nn=> (synapses are bilateral) |
|
|
Term
| The parasympathetic fibers of the oculomotor n innervate the pupillary m causing it to (constrict/dilate). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -dilation of the pupil due to lack of oculomotor innervation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -shine light in eye and that eye constricts |
|
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Term
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Definition
| -shine light in eye and other eye constricts |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
What are the clinical signs of:
a) unilateral affected side
b) unilateral unaffected side
c) bilateral
d)visual pathways
e)PLR Pathways of affected side
f) PLR Pathways of unaffected side
g) Sympathetic n |
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Definition
a) ne menace response, normal pupil size, no direct PLR, no consensual PLR
b) pos menace response, normal pupil size, pos direct PLR, pos consensual PLR
c) neg menace response, dilated pupil size, no direct PLR, no consencual PLR
d) neg menace resp0onse, normal pupils, pos direct PLR, pos consensual PLR
e) pos menace response, dilated pupil on affected side, no direct PLR, ps consensual PLR
f) pos menace response, dilated pupil on affected side, os Pdirect PLR, no consensual PLR
g) pos menace resonse, pupil constricted on affected side, pos direct PLR, pos Pconsensual PLR |
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Term
| What nn control eye movement? |
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Definition
| -oculomotor, trochlear, and abducent |
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Term
| Definition: conjugate eye movements |
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Definition
| -eye movement is coordinated so that each eye moves in the same direction at the same speed |
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Term
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Definition
| -eyes that are directed in an abnormal direction |
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Term
| What eye mm does the oculomotore n (CNIII) innervate? What are the clinical signs of a lesion here? |
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Definition
-all mm except lateral rectus, dorsal oblique, and retractor bulbi mm
-ventrolateral strabismus and eye cannot move medially or dorsally |
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Term
| What eye mm does the trochlear n (CNIV) innervate? What are the clinical signs of a lesion here? |
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Definition
-dorsal oblique m
-minor abnormalities |
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Term
| What eye mm does the abducent n(CNVI) innervate? What are the clinical signs of a lesion here? |
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Definition
-lateral rectus and retractor bulbi mm (lateral movement and retraction)
-medial strabismus and inability to move the eye laterally and rectract |
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