Term
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Definition
| Either A is right or B is right; B is wrong; therefore A is true |
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Term
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Definition
| Misuse of two or more meanings of the same word. |
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Term
| Hypothesis contrary to fact |
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Definition
| a proposition that is not true is used as the basis for a deductive argument |
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Term
| non-sequitur; illicit process |
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Definition
| Conclusion lacks a connection to the premises; conclusion simply does not follow |
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Term
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Definition
| Two subjects are compared; although they share certain similarities, their differences may be large enough to destroy the value of the comparison |
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Term
| Faulty Casual Generalizations |
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Definition
when arguing from effect to cause, fallacies can occur:
1) when we assign an inadequate cause
2) when we fail to allow for the possibility of more than one cause
When arguing from Cause to effect, fallacies occur:
1) When we fail to establish that a potential cause could and did operate in a particular situation
2) when we fail to take into account that the same cause could produce diverse effects |
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Term
| Post hoc, ergo propter hoc |
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Definition
| after this, therefore because of this. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when we jump to conclusions. evidence may be inadequazte. |
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Term
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Definition
| certain evidence is brought to our attention but other equally important evidence is suppressed or minimized |
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Term
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Definition
| uses fear of force or the threat of force to cause the acceptance of a conclusion |
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Term
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Definition
| switching the discussion from the question of issues to the question of personalities |
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Term
| Argument ad misericordium |
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Definition
| an attempt to arouse strong feelings or sympathy in order to influence a decision |
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Term
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Definition
| appealing to irrational fears and prejudice in order to prevent audiences from squarely facing the issues |
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Term
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Definition
| Everyone is doing it, so I should too! |
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Term
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Definition
| assuming in the premise the question we are trying to prove in the conclusion. assumes the truth of something that is not true. |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of begging the question, but combines two questions into one |
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Term
| Dicto Simpliciter (unqualified generalization) |
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Definition
| an argument based on a generalization that is totally inclusive and is accepted unequivocally true for all circumstances |
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Term
| Labored hypothesis/occam's razor |
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Definition
| Results when a theory drawn from the evidence presented is more complex or unusual than an alternative theory |
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Term
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Definition
| steering the discussion to an irrelevant issue in order to avoid the important one |
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Term
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Definition
| resulting either from faulty sentence structure, with parts misplaced, or from pause and emphasis that create different meanings |
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Term
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Definition
| "you too!" avoids the subject or deflects questions and accusations by making similar accusations against the opponent. diverts attention from the issue to the opponent by saying their idea is as bad as yours or that they do the bad thing too. |
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