Term
| Ad hominen (attacking the person) |
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Definition
| Attaching arguer rather than the argument. |
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Term
| Ad ignorantium (appeal to ignorance) |
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Definition
| Arguing on the basis of what is not known and can't be prove. |
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| Ad verecundiam (appeal to authority) |
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Definition
| Tries to convince by appealing to reputaion of a famous or respected person. |
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Term
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Definition
| Second premise affirms the consequent of the first premise and the conclusion affirms the antecedent. Example: If he wants to get the job, then he must know Spanish. He knows Spanish, so the job is his. |
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Term
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Definition
| Position of the words or juxtaposition of two sentences conveys a mistaken idea. Created by word placement. Example: Jim said he saw Jenny walk her dog through the window. Ow! She would be reported for animal abuse! |
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Term
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Definition
| Uses emotion rather than logic to persuade the listner. |
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Term
| Argument from analogy or false analogy |
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Definition
| Unsound form of inductive logic which relies on a weak analogy to prove its point. Example: This must be a great car,for, like the finest watches in the world, it was made in Switzerland. |
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Definition
| Conclusion is implied or already assumed in the premise (circular argument). Example: The bible is the word of God because it says so in the bible. |
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Definition
| Argues against taking a step because it will follow through to the last(hypothetical syllogism). Example: Students can't be allowed to have a voice in decisions or we will loose total control. |
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Term
| Common belief (bandwagon) |
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Definition
| Widely believed is not proof or evidence of truth. |
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Term
| Past belief - form of common belief |
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Definition
| Belief or support of past because it was widely accepted. |
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Term
| Contrary to fact hypothesis |
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Definition
| Statement with a degree of certainty that an even might have oocurred but did not. |
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Term
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Definition
| Invalid form of conditional argument - second premise denies the anteceent of the first prmise, and the conclusion denies the consequent. Example: If she qualifies for a promotion, she must speak English. She doesn't qualify so she must not speak English. |
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Term
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Definition
| Conclude that any part of a whole must have a characteristic because the whole has that characteristic. Example: Karen must play the piano well because her family is so musical. |
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Definition
| Conclude that a whole must have a characteristic because a part does. |
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Definition
| Assumes we must choose one of two alternatives instead of other possibilities |
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Definition
| Uses ambiquous nature of a word/phrase to shift meaning. |
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Definition
| Generalization accepted on the suport of a sample that is too small or biased. |
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Term
| Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc ("After this, therefore caused by this") |
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Definition
| Form of false cause - inferred that because one event followed another it is necessaryly caused by that event. |
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Term
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Definition
| Self-contradicting - two assertations that are logically incompatible. Example: A woman reprents herself as a feminist, yet doesn't believe women should run for Congress. |
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Term
| Non sequitur (It does not follow) |
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Definition
| Premises have no direct relationship to the conclusion. |
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Definition
| Form of false cause - insufficient evidence for cause of an occurence. |
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Definition
| Irrelevant issue introduced into discussion as diversionary tactic. |
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Definition
| Misrepresentation of a true statement that suggest something is not true. |
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Definition
| Misrepresent an opponent's position by distorting views to ridiculous extremes. |
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Definition
| Try to justify a wrong action by charges of a similar wrong. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a particular hypothesis is accepted when one more strongly based in fact is available. |
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