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-Economics is the driving force of history
-Economics drives society and class differences
-Capitalism creates hierarchies and discord |
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| The capitalist upper class |
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| The working class that supplies capitalists |
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| Marxist term referring to the loss of meaning, fulfillment, & personal identity that occurs under capitalism: including loss of control over the creative process of capitalist production, separation of the producer from the value of the things produced, & isolation from fellow producers during the process. |
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-Consider how a literary work reflects the socioeconomic conditions of the time in which it was written
-What does the text tell us about contemporary social classes and how does it reflect classism? |
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| British Cultural Materialism Themes |
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Definition
-Attributes culture to working class as well as to the elites
-Mass media reflects interests of ruling class
-Reflection theory: literature reflects the social reality surrounding it |
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| Brit. Cultural Materialism Application |
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The best way to understand human culture is to examine the material conditions- climate, food, supply
Relate everyday cultural practices to wider social formations |
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-Activism for the environment
-Focus on relationships between lit. and environment
-Function of literature is to redirect human consciousness to a full consideration of its place in a threatened natural world
-Environment informs how individuals view themselves and their history |
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-viewed male aggression against earth as parallel to male aggression towards women
-analyze how notions of masculinity shape how we view nature |
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| desire for regression from adult life and return to the primal warmth of the womb or breast |
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| New Historicism application |
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Definition
-Look for surprising coincidences and correspondences between literature and history
-How literature and history resemble each other
-Study history with close attention to multiplicity of meanings, contradictions, and omissions |
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| Literary Darwinism themes |
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Definition
-Application of evolutionary theory, especially natural selection, to literature
-Humans share a common nature that can be explained using scientific method
-Sciences, humanities, and arts share common goal of promoting human understanding |
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-Reflect concern with the silencing and marginalization of women in a patriarchal culture
-Criticizes false assumptions made about women |
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| Idea that a matriarchal culture would be more positive and nurturing |
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-Establishing legal policy that women are human beings and cannot be treated like property
-Discuss social, civil, and religious condition and rights of women |
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-Fought against national desire to return to prewar patriarchy
-TV shows idealized families with mother in heels, dresses, and pearls and no outside employment |
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| -Expanded interests of feminism to women of color, lower class, lesbian, trans, and third world women |
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-Relationship of literature to archetypes in human nature
-Myths are symbolic projections of a person’s hopes, values, and aspirations
-Are collective and communal; transcends time |
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Mystery of creation, purification and redemption; fertility and growth; According to Jung, also a symbol for the unconscious
Sea- mother of life, spiritual mystery and infinity; death and rebirth; timelessness and eternity; the unconscious
Rivers- death and rebirth (baptism); the flowing of time into eternity; transitional phases of the life cycle |
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(fire and sky closely related)creative energy, law of nature; consciousness (thinking, enlightenment, wisdom, spiritual vision); father principle
Rising sun- birth, creation, enlightenment
Setting sun- death |
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Definition
Green- growth, sensation, fertility OR may be associated with death and decay
Blue- (usually highly positive) associated with truth, religion, and purity
Red- blood, sacrifice violent passion, disorder
Black-(darkness) chaos, mystery, death, evil, the unconscious, the unknown
White- innocence, purity |
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Term
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Definition
Two forms
-Escape from time: Return to paradise, the state of perfect, timeless bliss enjoyed by man and woman before their tragic fall into corruption and mortality (Adam and Eve)
-Mystical submersion into cyclical time: Theme of endless death and regeneration- humans achieve sense of immortality by submitting to the rhythm of nature's eternal cycle, particularly cycle of seasons |
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| archetypes of transformation and redemption |
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| Spring- comedy; Summer- romance; Fall- tragedy; Winter- irony |
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| -Childhood experiences shape our personalities and behavior as adults |
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-Mouth is pleasure center
-If needs are not met, he or she may develop nail biting habits or thumb sucking |
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-Experiment with urine and feces
-Improper resolution leads to a child that is uptight or overly obsessed with order |
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| -Struggle with sexual desires toward opposite sex parent |
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| -Girl’s desire for her father’s attention |
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-Boy’s desire for his mother and urge to replace his father who he sees as a rival for mother’s attention
-Child experiences castration anxiety because he fears father will punish him for his feelings |
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-Sexual instincts subside
-Children begin to behave in morally acceptable ways and adopt values of parents |
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-Sexual impulses reemerge
-Adolescents engage in appropriate sexual behavior, leading to marriage and childbirth |
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| The material economic world |
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| Built upon the base; its economics is the driving material force of society and of class differences |
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| Method of argument; How historical transformations occur; Thesis and antithesis allow opposing forces to exist and give rise to a third force, synthesis, which transcends the opposition |
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| Expanded notion of rectification |
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| The way that commodification reduces social relations, ideas, and people to things, thus accelerating alienation |
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| the act of attaching a monetary (exchange) value to human beings |
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| the value of an object (or person) based on the use of that object |
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| the value or amount an object or service can be exchanged (bought/sold/traded) for |
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| has nothing to do with practical value or a product's ability to work properly, but with status |
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| in any historical period, the ideas of the ruling class - i.e. the class that controls the means of material production - are dominant. |
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| Base/superstructure model |
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Definition
| Refers to Marx's theory that it is economic, material conditions (e.g. capitalist production) that form the foundations of society & culture. |
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| The Marxist view of historical change sees developments in the economic 'base' as the fundamental, driving force. The crucial factor is the relationship to the means of production e.g. 'owner' & 'worker'. |
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| A term particularly associated with Antonio Gramsci (1891 - 1937) which suggests the ruling ideology is in a constant tactical battle for dominance with competing ideas; A refinement of the dominant ideology thesis. |
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| Marx's term for the condition of the working class under capitalism whereby they are prevented from recognizing their own interests. |
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| A term to describe the value attributed to objects in a capitalist economy. This value is derived not from how products are used, or from the labor of exploited workers who produce them - which is usually heavily disguised by advertising - but from the price they can command on the market. |
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| A term coined by Herbert Marcuse to describe the capacity of the capitalist culture industry to manipulate tastes & desires in order to persuade people to consume in carefully controlled/standardized manner. |
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| Marcuse's term referring to what we become when capitalism manages to substitute our 'real needs' for the carefully manipulated desire for products. We essentially become like puppets in the hands of a cynical advertising industry with no control over our lives or capacity to realize our true potential. |
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| Ideological state apparatuses |
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Definition
| Althusser's view is that we are constituted as subjects by ideological practice i.e our values & desires are formed by the media, education system etc. & these constantly reinforce capitalism. |
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| Eco-criticism application |
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Definition
-How is nature represented in this passage?
-What role does physical setting play?
-Do men write about nature differently than woman |
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| In ecology, man’s tragic flaw is his anthropocentric vision, and his compulsion to conquer, humanize, domesticate, violate, and exploit every natural thing; assumes the primacy of humans, who either sentimentalize or dominate the environment |
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| decenters humanity’s importance and explores the complex interrelationships between the human and the nonhuman |
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-study how a work of literature reflects its historical and sociocultural context
-understand how a literary work comments on and relates to its context |
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| the group of works that represents the “best” literary works of a given language |
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| other works (the vast majority) that are not considered to be “high” literature |
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| A discourse is made up of a group of texts, statements, or utterances relating to a specific topic or theme; important is to recognize how one book or thing someone says about a topic can be a reflection of the whole treasure trove of ideas already expressed about that issue—and that trove is the “discourse” around that concept |
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identifying basic, common human needs—survival, sex, and status, for instance—and using those categories to describe the behavior of characters depicted in literary texts;
Literary Darwinists read books in search of innate patterns of human behavior: child bearing and rearing, efforts to acquire resources (money, property, influence) and competition and cooperation within families and communities |
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| the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring |
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| ability to survive and pass along one's genes |
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| Ability of an entity or organism to alter itself or its responses to the changed circumstances or environment. |
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agreement between the approaches to a topic of different academic subjects, especially science and the humanities;
Belief that sciences, humanities, and the arts share common goal of promoting human understanding |
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| a force that influences nearly everything humans do |
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| A system of dispositions comparable to what linguists analyze as the sum of tacit knowledge one has to know to speak a given language |
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| Circle (sphere) archetype |
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| wholeness, unity; Egg- mystery of life and forces of generation |
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| Serpent (snake, worm) archetype |
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| symbol of energy and pure force (libido) |
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| Great mother- mysteries of life, death, transformation |
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| (positive aspects of the Earth mother)associated with the life principle, birth, warmth, nourishment, protection, fertility |
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| the witch, sorceress, siren, whore, lamia, femme fatale- associated with sensuality, sexual orgies, fear, danger, darkness, dismemberment, emasculation |
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| The Sophia figure, Holy Mother, the princess of "beautiful lady"- incarnation of inspiration and fulfillment |
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| The Wise old man archetype |
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| Personification of the spiritual principle, representing knowledge, reflection, insight on one hand and moral qualities such as goodwill and readiness to help on the other |
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| Opposite of the wise old man; close affinity with the shadow archetype; has a positive side and serves a healing function through his transformative influence; Serves as a cathartic safety valve for pent-up social pressures, a reminder of humankind's primitive origins and fallibility of its institutions |
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| Paradise; innocence; unspoiled beauty; fertility |
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| Life of the cosmos: its consistence, growth, proliferation, generative and regenerative processes; symbol of immortality |
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| Aspiration and inspiration; meditation and spiritual elevation; Goal of the pilgrimage and ascent, often has psychological meaning of the self |
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| Hero undertakes long journey and must perform impossible tasks to save the kingdom |
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| Hero undergoes a series of excruciating ordeals in passing from ignorance and immaturity to social and spiritual adulthood, achieving maturity |
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| The sacrificial scapegoat |
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| Hero must die to atone for the people's sins and restore the land to fruitfulness |
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