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| something that represents something else: functions as itself, and it implies meanings beyond itself |
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| something recognized by many people to represent certain ideas |
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| Literary or Contextual symbol |
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| goes beyond traditional, public meanings: cannot be summarized in a word or two. |
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| personification and a form of extended metaphor: events, actions, characters, settings, and objects represent specific abstractions or ideas (multi-valent in the case of Dante's Divine Comedy; Simple in the form of Pilgrim's Progress) |
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| what happens is entirely different from what is expected |
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| saying something different from what is meant |
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| speaker reveals more about themselves than about what they are speaking |
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| Crane's "A Man Said to the Universe"; Hardy's "Hap" |
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| tells a story that was sung from one generation to the next until it was finally transcribed |
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| Spellings are similar; pronunciations differ |
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| at least one of the rhymed words within the line |
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| rhyming of a single-syllable word |
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| consists of a rhymed stressed syllable followed by one or more rhymed unstressed syllables |
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| pattern of stresses in a poem |
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| made up of all metrical elements of a poem |
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| consists of measuring the stresses in a line to determine the metrical pattern |
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| The iamb, trochee, anapest, dactyl, or spondee |
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| pause at the end of a line of poetry |
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| line has a natural-sounding pause at the end, often marked by puntuation |
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| A line that ends without a pause and continues into the next, resulting in enjambment |
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| In poetry, running over from one line to another |
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| poetry with a definite pattern or lines / meters / rhymes / stanzas, etc. |
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| rhymed iambic pentameter: think Pope / Dryden |
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| alternating eight- and six-syllable lines (often tetrameter and trimeter) |
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| Italian (Petrarchan) Sonnet |
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| An octave (eight lines or two quatrains) followed by a sestet (six lines) normally rhyming abba abba cdecde, cdcdcd, or cdccdc. Involves problem then solution |
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| English (Shakespearean) sonnet |
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| three quatrains followed by a couplet, rhyming abab cdcd efef gg. Involves escalating problem and sometimes a quick solution in the couplet |
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| passage of a religious nature; religious commentary on a particular section of scripture |
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