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| Latin for "against the man" When a writer personally attack his or her opponents instead of their arguments. It is an argument that appeals to emotion rather than reason,feeling rather than intellect. |
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| a story,fictional or non fictional, in which characters, things, and events represent qualities or concept. The interaction of these characters, things, and events is meant toreveal an abstraction or a truth. These characters, etc. may be symbolic of the ideas referred to. For example, an author may inted the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom. |
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| the repitition of inital indentical consonant sounds. Or, vowel sounds in successive words or syllables that repeat. |
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| an indirect reference to something (usually a literary text although it can be other things commonly known such as plays, movies, t.v. shows) with which the readers is supposed to be familiar. Allusion is often used with humurous intent, to establish a connection between writer and reader, or to make a subtle point. |
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| an event or situation that may be interpreted in more than one way. Also, the manner of expression of such an event or situation may be ambiguous. Artful language may be ambiguous. Unintentional ambiguity is usually vagueness. |
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| Explanatory notes added to a text to explain, cite sources or give bibliographic data. |
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| the word, phrases, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a fiven pronoun in a long, comlex sentence or in a group of sentences. (Example If I could command the walth of all the world by lifting a finger, I would not pay such a price for it. An AP question might read: "What is the antecedent for "it"?) |
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| Two opposite or contrasting words, phrases, or clauses, or even ideas. (Example: "Bill's work in school was the antithesis of his sister's. Her homework was tiday and outline, while Bill's was sloppy and late." or "Darkness is the antithesis of light" or "New York is the antithesis of Nome,Alaska." |
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| a terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or moral principle. |
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| a word or a group of words placed beside a noun or noun substitute to supplement its meaning. (Ex. Bob, the lumber yard worker, spoke with Judy an accountant from the city.) |
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| the major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry and drama. However, genres can be subvided as well (poetry, can be classified into lyric, dramatic, narrative, etc.) The AP language exam deals primarily with the following genres: autobiography, biography, diaries crticism, essays and journalistic, political, scientfic and nature writing. |
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| this term literally means "sermon" but more infromally, it can include any serious talk, speech or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice |
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| figurative language that exaggerateds. It is often used in comedy, or to create irony. |
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| word or words that create a picture in a reader's mind. Usually involves the 5 senses. Authors often use this in conjunction with metaphors, similies, figures of speech to convey information about characters. |
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| the process of reasoning from premises that constitute good, but not absolutely cartain, easons to a conclusion that is probably correct. It involved bringing together pieces of evidence, and arriving at a conclusion. |
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| to draw a reasonable conclusion from th information presented. When a multiple choice question asks for this to be drawn from the passage, the most direct, most reasonable _______ is the safest answer choice. |
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| an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive, language. |
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| when the opposite of what you expect to happen does. |
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| placing things side by side for the purposes of comparison. Comparison of things or ideas. Authors use __________ of ideas or examples in order to make a point. |
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| a figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for another suggesting some similarity. Usually identified comparing objects directly using words like "was" or "is". |
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| statement that does not logically follow another |
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| an author's stance that distances himself from personal involvement |
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| a figure of speech in which natural sounds are initiated in the sounds of the words. |
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| a seemingly contradictory statement which is actually true. |
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| an exaggerated imitation of a serious work for humurous purposes. |
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| the subject of the sentence recieves the action. Leaves writing to seem lifeless |
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| observing strict adherence to formal rules or literal meaning at the expense of a wider view. |
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| the fictional mask or narrator that tells a story. |
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| redefining your argument so that it no longer conflicts with the valid claim of an opposing viewpoint. This is known as qulaifying your argument. |
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| the art of effective communication |
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| question not asked for information but or effective. |
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| a work that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of life to a humorous effect. |
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| a generally bitter comment that is ironically worded. However, not all ironic statements are this. |
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| a figurative usage that compares. It usually uses the words such as "like", "as", or "it". |
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| the choices in diction, tone, an syntax that a writer makes. |
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| a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises- the first one "major" the second one "minor" that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion. |
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| anything that represents or stands for something else. |
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| grammatical arrangement of words |
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| taking less important ideas and placing them in dependent clauses , and focusing the readers attention on the main important idea and placing it in the independent clause |
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| the subject of the snetence performs the action. This is more direct and preferred style of writing in most cases, but not all. |
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| a comparison to a directly parallel case |
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| repitition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences in a row. |
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| the central idea or message of a work |
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| the sentence or groups of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or proposition. |
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| writer's attitude toward his subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language, and organization |
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| smooth movement from one paragraph (or idea) to another |
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| the ironic minmizing fact, this presents something as less significant than it is. The effect can frequently be humorous. |
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| Language or dialect of a particular country |
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| the figures of speech, syntax, diction, and other stylistic elements that collectively produce a particular artistic effect. |
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| brief recounting of a relevant episode. This is often inserted into fictional or nonfictional texts as a way of developing a point or injecting humor. |
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