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| flaws in reasoning/support: inappropiateness, misrepresentation |
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| "against the man" attacking a person or group instead of addressing the issue |
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| "to the people" appeal to prejudice of audience |
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| "to the authority" appeal based on authority of source |
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Definition
| appeal to pity/misery of audience |
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Definition
| "it does not follow" no apparent link between claim or support |
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| analogy that does not stand up to logic |
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| "after this" implies because one event follows another, the first caused the second (chronology is not causality) |
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Definition
| writer argues based on one or few examples; using all instances when only some apply |
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Definition
| prejudging an individual based on ideas one has about the group to which the individual belongs |
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Definition
| writer encourages or begs readers to accept a conclusions wihtout any support |
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| citing an expert on one subject as an expert on another |
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Definition
| one step will eventually lead to undesirable second step |
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Definition
| ambiguity for multiplicity of interpretations of a repeated word or phrase |
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Definition
| obscurring or denying complexity of an issue |
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Definition
| two comparable things are judged according to different standards |
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Definition
| stating only two interpretations or actions as only options, ignoring anything in the middle |
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Term
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Definition
| stating an idea that is meant to conceal or mislead |
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