Term
| What are the structural components of cell membranes? |
|
Definition
| Phosphoglycerides, sphingolipids, steroids |
|
|
Term
| What lipid is a critical intercellular messenger? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the lipid soluble vitamins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four main groups of lipids? |
|
Definition
| Fatty Acids, Glycerides, Nonglyceride lipids, Complex lipids |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of fatty acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glycerol-containing lipids |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of nonglyceride lipids? |
|
Definition
| sphinoglipids, steroids, waxes |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a complex lipid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lipids with long straight-chain carboxylic acids with no branching are...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are there other functional groups present in fatty acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a fatty acid that cannot be synthesized by the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A typical saturated fatty acid with 19 carbons in the chain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a typical unsaturated fatty acid with 18 carbons in the chain |
|
|
Term
| Do saturated fatty acids have double bonds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do unsaturated fatty acids contain double bonds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What configuration is the unsaturated double bond in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the double bond affect the fat melting temperature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the first double bond present in unsaturated fatty acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the Cis double bond do to the carbon chain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As the number of carbons increases what happens to the melting point? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If an unsaturated fatty acid and a saturated fatty acid have the same number of carbons, which has the higher melting point? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Esterification of fatty acids involves what reactants? |
|
Definition
| Fatty acid with an alcohol |
|
|
Term
| When a fatty acid is combined with an alcohol, what is the product? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process of combining a fatty acid and an alcohol to produce an ester and a water molecule is known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the reverse of esterification? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An ester combined with water produces what? |
|
Definition
| A fatty acid and an alcohol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a molecule is polar on one end and nonpolar on another |
|
|
Term
| Saponificiation is the _____-catalyzed hydrolysis of an _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the products of saponification? |
|
Definition
| an alcohol and an ionized salt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The hydrophyllic head of soaps is made up of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does soap remove oil and dirt particles? |
|
Definition
| Soap forms micelles around the particles |
|
|
Term
| How does hard water interfere with soaps? |
|
Definition
| Interferes with the emulsifying action of the soap |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are unsaturated fatty acids converted into saturated fatty acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid required to make... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the eiconsanoid precursor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Three groups of structurally related compounds |
|
|
Term
| WHat are the three groups of eicosanoids? |
|
Definition
| prostoglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes |
|
|
Term
| Prostaglandins act like what in controlling the body's processes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the prostaglandins structure? |
|
Definition
| Synthesized from a 20 carbon unsaturated fatty acid, with cyclic compounds including a 5-carbon ring |
|
|
Term
| How are prostaglandins named? |
|
Definition
| based on ring substituents and number of side-chain double bonds |
|
|
Term
| Where are prostaglandins made? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prostaglandinds exert their effects on cell that ______ them and cells in the ______ vicinity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 6 biological processes regulated by eicosanoids? |
|
Definition
| blood clotting, inflammatory response, reproductive system, gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, respiratory tract |
|
|
Term
| What do eicosanoids affect blood clotting? |
|
Definition
| Thromboxane A2 and Prostacyclin |
|
|
Term
| What is the functions of Thromboxane A2? |
|
Definition
| stimulates constriction of blood vessels and platelet aggregation |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of prostacyclin? |
|
Definition
| dilates blood vessels and inhibits platelet aggregation |
|
|
Term
| What role do eicosanoids have in the inflammatory response? |
|
Definition
| prostaglandins mediate aspects of inflammatory response |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of PGE2? |
|
Definition
| Stimulation of smooth muscle in the reproductive system |
|
|
Term
| What are the roles of prostaglandins in the gastrointestinal tract? |
|
Definition
| inhibit gastric secretion, increase secretion of protective mucus, and inhibition of hormone-sensitive lipases. |
|
|
Term
| What role do prostaglandins have in the kidneys? |
|
Definition
| Dilate renal blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| What happens as a result of dilation of renal blood vessels? |
|
Definition
| Increased water and electrolyte excretion |
|
|
Term
| What is teh role of leukotrienes in the respiratory tract? |
|
Definition
| promote the constriction of bronchii |
|
|
Term
| WHat is the role of prostaglandins in the respiratory tract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the general structure of a prostaglandin? |
|
Definition
| 20 carbons, 5-carbon cyclic structure, and teh presence of double bonds |
|
|
Term
| Thromboxane A2 has a cyclic structure with what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Leukotriene B4 _____ a cyclic structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does aspirin inhibit prostaglandin synthesis? |
|
Definition
| Acetylating cyclooxygenase, an enzyme necessary for prostaglandin synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is a glyceride formed? |
|
Definition
| Alcohol group of glycerol forms an ester with a fatty acid |
|
|
Term
| What determines whether a glyceride is named mono-, di-, or tri-? |
|
Definition
| How many alcohol positions are esterified |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for a triglyceride? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Triglycerides are ___ionic and ____polar? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a role of triglycerides? |
|
Definition
| energy storage in adipose cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the two groups of a triglyceride composed of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What chemical properties does a triglyceride have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| replace H with salt from a strong base |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces the fatty acids and glycerol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| saturates the double bond |
|
|
Term
| Fats are a combination of ____ and the fatty acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a more general term for phosphoglycerides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a phospholipid/phosphoglyceride? |
|
Definition
| any lipid containing phosphorus |
|
|
Term
| What do phosphoglycerides contain? |
|
Definition
| glycerol, fatty acids, phosphoric acid with an amino alcohol |
|
|
Term
| What is an easy way to remember the structure of phospholipids? |
|
Definition
| Replace an end fatty acid of a triglyceride with a phosphoric acid linked to an amino alcohol |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of phosphoglycerides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are lecithins made with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are cephalins made with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are sphinoglipids based on? |
|
Definition
| sphinogsine, not glycerol |
|
|
Term
| What do sphinoglipids contain? |
|
Definition
| long-chains, nitrogen, alcohol |
|
|
Term
| What is the polar head group of sphinoglipids composed of? |
|
Definition
| amino-alcohol + phosphate |
|
|
Term
| What are teh major categories of sphingolipids? |
|
Definition
| sphingomyelins and glycosphingolipids |
|
|
Term
| What structures do sphingomyelins compose? |
|
Definition
| myelin sheath and nerve cell membranes |
|
|
Term
| What are glycosphinoglipids built on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cerebrosides have a ______ monosaccharide head group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some examles of cerebrosides? |
|
Definition
| glucocerebroside, galactocerebroside |
|
|
Term
| Gangliosides have ________ sugar units as part of the polar head |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some sphingolipid storage diseases? |
|
Definition
| Tay-Sachs, Gaucher's, Krabbe's, Niemann-Pick |
|
|
Term
| What are symptoms of Tay-Sachs |
|
Definition
| Blindness, muscle weakness |
|
|
Term
| What are symptoms of Gaucher's disease |
|
Definition
| liver and spleen enlargement, mental retardation |
|
|
Term
| What are symptoms of Krabbe's disease? |
|
Definition
| demyelation, mental retardation |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of Niemann-Pick's disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What sphingolipid is associated with Tay-Sachs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What sphingolipid is associated with Gaucher's disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What sphingolipid is associated with Krabbe's disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What sphingolipid is associated with Niemann-Pick's disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme is associated with Tay-Sachs disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme is associated with Gaucher's disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme is associated with Krabbe's disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme is associated with Niemann-Pick's disease? |
|
Definition
|
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