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| relationship between sound and meaning is ascribed arbitrarily, it's not intrinsic; (visible in variety of meanings for a sounds, or lack of meanings) |
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bits and pieces can be put together to make meanings (function of language's arbitrariness) sounds can be discrete elements, or words (order of words matters) |
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| you can put things together in a completely new way that has never been done before and still be understood |
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| you understand groups of words into "constituents" |
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| property of language which allows grammatical processes to be applied repeatedly, combining constituents to produce an infinite variety of sentences into infinite length |
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| analyzing what something sounds like |
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| analyzing how a sound is made |
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| air is fully obstructed as it comes out |
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| no air comes through the nose |
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| air comes through nose even though air is stopped |
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| can make sound continuously |
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| quick combination of stop & fricative |
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| doesn't stop air very well (semi consonants): glide, liquid |
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| What three vowels do all languages have? |
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| a high front unrounded (i/ɪ), a low vowel (a), and a high back (u/ʊ/ɯ) |
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| In five-vowel systems, what are the two vowels that get added to the base three? |
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Definition
| a mid front unrounded (e/ɛ), and a mid back (o/ɔ) |
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| All languages have more ____ vowels than ____ vowels |
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| What kind of consonant sound do all languages have? |
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| At least one voiceless stop (most have all three) |
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| What vowel system is most common and why? |
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Definition
| The 5 vowel system... the sounds are all maximally distant from each other. |
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| No language has ______ stops without _______ stops |
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Definition
| No voiced stops without voiceless |
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| What trend is common when a language lacks a particular stop? |
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Definition
| The language will have a fricative in the same place of articulation. |
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| What consonant sounds are most common in languages? |
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| p, t, k, b, d, g, m, n, ŋ, f, s, h... plus at least one affricate and at least one glide. |
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| field of linguistics studying the systematic use of sound to encode meaning |
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| study of meaning-bearing units/how words are put together |
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joining of sounds together to form words [s] + [k] + [a] + [f] |
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joining of words (knowing a language involves knowing how to separate it) |
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