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Definition
LASER = light amplification...
RADAR = radio...
SCUBA = self contained underwater...
- classified as words if they are said as words (ex. A.S.A.P is not a word, but asap is). A method of word coinage. |
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| the all encompassing name for prepositions and post-positions |
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| when the way in which you express a word or a phrase changes its meaning ("get out of here") |
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| a morpheme or series of morphemes added to the end of a word which changes its tense, meaning, or grammar. |
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| the process of joining several morphemes together in one word to produce a more complex meaning. |
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analytic = word order is crucial (chinese)
synthetic = word order is important (zapotec) |
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Definition
| an instance of an expression referring to another (ex: the monkey took the banana and ate IT) |
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| a word, phrase, or clause, usually a substantive, that is replaced by a pronoun (anaphor) or other substitute later, or occasionally earlier. |
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| the relationship between words of opposite meaning (binary: dead/alive)(gradable: hot/cold - warm, cool, etc). |
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| df - indicates that the form of a word does not necessarily reflect its meaning (names for objects). |
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| action complete v. action continuing (habitual v. punctual). |
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| Australian Sign Language - closely related to BSL. |
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Definition
| A style of speaking used in some societies which must be used in the presence of certain people (commonly in-laws: "mother in law style"), characterized by the use of vocabulary different from every day speaking. |
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| television came before televise, editor before edit, enthusiasm before enthuse. |
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Definition
| the small number of color terms in each language which are not derived from other color terms and do not denote varieties of other colors (ex: black, red, white, blue = basic and reddish, violet, yellow-green = not basic). |
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| dead/alive - antonyms which do not denote a scale (must be one or the other). |
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Definition
| motel (motor hotel), smog (smoke and fog), brunch (breakfast and lunch). |
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Definition
determines the function of the noun.
1. nominative - subject (doer) of verb (FATHER arrives)
2. accusative - object (receiver) of verb (I saw FATHER)
3. dative - ind. obj. of v. (give the book to FATHER)
4. genitive - possessive (FATHER'S book)
5. ablative - movement from, cause (for FATHER)
6. vocative - an addressee (FATHER, may I?)
7. locative - location
8. instrumental - object used for action |
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Term
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Definition
1. gender (noun class)
2. case
3. adpositions
4. agreement
5. mood
6. evidentials
7. aspect
8. manner |
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Definition
| (1960) proposed a set of 13 features which define human language. |
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| horse that was claimed to have been able to perform arithmetic and other intellectual tasks, but which was really watching the reactions of his human handlers for signals. |
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| fax (facsimile), bike (bicycle), math (mathematics). |
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| methods and manners of changing words or introducing new ones to common culture. |
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Definition
| bittersweet, rainbow, homework, notebook. |
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| the meaning suggested by the use of certain words beyond the dictionary definition. |
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| the belief that primitive communication, such as songbirds, honeybees and chimpanzees, will eventually lead to full-fledged human communication. |
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| df - language is learned through exposure (at a young age) and not through genetic means (Genie was never able to develop much language because she was deprived of it during the critical period). |
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| the dictionary definition of a word, with no further suggestion. |
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Definition
| the process of changing a word via an adposition which changes its MEANING (ex: write / writer / writing). |
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Definition
1. duality of patterning
2. arbitrariness
3. cultural transmission
4. displacement
5. creativity
6. stimulus freedom
7. structural dependency |
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| the idea that humans retain a basic set of animal cries (screams, etc.) but that they exist alongside of human language and do not point to the evolution of language from themselves. |
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| df - the ability to reference things which are not immediately present physically or temporally (the past, a chair that used to be by the door). |
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| df - using a limited number of meaningless elements to create a large number of meaningful elements (phonemes). |
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| a grammatical category found in some languages which divides all nouns into two or more classes, though the classification may not be predictable from its meaning |
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| antonyms which are not "either, or" - hot/cold; warm, cool, etc. |
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| the way language combines words into sentences (categories of grammar) |
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| an alternate name for "human" proposed by Jean Aitchison meaning "the speaking man". |
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| the relationship between two words, one of which denotes a particular kind of what the other denotes. A lily is a particular kind of flower, so "lily" is a hyponym of "flower" while "flower" is a subordinate of "lily". |
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Definition
| NOT a df - the form of a word denotes its meaning (onomatopoeia) |
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Definition
| variations in words which change the grammar of the word (ex: girl / girls) |
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| "An anaphor may not both precede and command its antecedent" |
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Definition
a system of arbitrary symbols by means of which a social group cooperates (Bloch and Trager)
-this definition excludes the written word, gesture, etc. as well as meaningless language ("bless you") and the changes in language ("facebook" = verb)
-Design Features of Language |
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Definition
| the structure in the vocal tract near the bottom of the pharynx which contains the vocal folds. |
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Definition
| a part of speech (noun, verb, preposition) into which most of the words of a language are divided. |
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Definition
| the branch of linguistics which studies the meaning of words and more particularly the ways in which some word meanings are related to others. |
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Definition
| Sapir-Whorf : the "strong" reading - idea that humans are restricted to thinking only in the categories provided by our grammar (langauge DETERMINES thought). |
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Definition
| Sapir-Whorf : the "weak" reading - the idea that our culture, by means of language affects the way we think (language INFLUENCES thought). |
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Definition
| the study of the nature, structure, and variation of language, including phonetics, syntax, etc. |
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Definition
| the "how" of the verb - I chopped down the tree (chopped indicates with an axe; in English, manner is lexically attached to the verb). |
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Definition
| a figure of speech in which something is identified indirectly by taking advantage of a perceived resemblance. |
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Term
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Definition
"mouse" "climate-gate"
the use of commonly understood metaphors to alter the meaning of a word or to create a new one. |
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Definition
-certainty of the utterace
-express necessity
-subjunctive
-evidentials
(mostly periphrastic or intonation based in English). |
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Definition
| the most basic meaningful element of a word. |
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| theoretical lingusitics: studies the internal structure of words and relationships among words. |
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| a new version of the Sapir Whorf hypothesis which provides a weaker reading than before. |
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Definition
| similar to gender - provides for more than two categories. |
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Definition
a content word that can be used to refer to a person, place, thing, quality, or action
the word class that can serve as the subject or object of a verb, the object of a preposition, or in apposition |
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Definition
| the grammatical category which correlates more obviously with the number of distinguishable entities in the world (dog, dogs in English, one, two, three and many in Arabic) |
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Definition
| words which represent a non-linguistic sound by means of the nouns and consonants of the language (meow, splash, thud) - iconic. |
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Term
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Definition
closed class: a word class to which no new items can normally be added, and that usually contains a relatively small number of items. Typical closed classes found in many languages are adpositions (prepositions and postpositions), determiners, conjunctions, and pronouns.
open class: a word class that accepts the addition of new items, through such processes as compounding, derivation, coining, borrowing, etc. Typical open word classes are nouns, verbs and adjectives. |
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Definition
| df - the ability to create infinite and brand new utterances (creativity, productivity). |
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Definition
| palm orientation, hand shape, location, facial expression, and movement (while some signs are iconic, many of them are completely arbitrary |
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Definition
| one of the traditional categories of words intended to reflect their functions in a grammatical context |
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Definition
a device by which a grammatical category or grammatical relationship is expressed by a free morpheme (typically one or more function words modifying a content word), instead of being shown by inflection or derivation.
"most beautiful" = periphrastic
"loveliest" = non periphrastic |
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Definition
| the long part of the vocal tract which connects the windpipe and the esophagus to the mouth and nasal cavity and appears to be essential in producing speech sounds, though its unusual design leaves us vulnerable to choking on our food (while other mammals have evolved a structure which protects their windpipe but limits their speech sounds). |
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| the use of certain sound sequences to represent certain types of meanings - /sl-/ indicates wetness or sliperiness (slush, slime, slip, etc). |
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Definition
the most basic component of a word.
map = /m/,/a/,/p/ |
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Definition
| the study of speech sounds. |
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Definition
| theoretical lingusitics: studies the structure and systematic patterning of sounds |
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Definition
| morphemes added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning. |
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Term
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Definition
| morphemes added to the end of a word to change its meaning. |
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Term
| Principle of Compositionality |
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Definition
a device by which a grammatical category or grammatical relationship is expressed by a free morpheme (typically one or more function words modifying a content word), instead of being shown by inflection or derivation.
The principle of compositionality states that in a meaningful sentence, if the lexical parts are taken out of the sentence, what remains will be the rules of composition. |
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Definition
| the principle that anything which can be expressed in one language can be expressed in another (everything can be translated). |
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Definition
| a function word that is used in place of a noun or noun phrase |
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Definition
| the concept that humans have one word which is the perfect match for a category (chair is more frequently used than stool when discussing furniture). |
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Definition
| a variety of a language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting. For example, an English speaker may adhere more closely to prescribed grammar, pronounce words ending in -ing with a velar nasal instead of an alveolar nasal (e.g. "walking", not "walkin'"), choose more formal words (e.g. father vs. dad, child vs. kid, etc.), and refrain from using the word ain't when speaking in a formal setting, but the same person could violate all of these prescriptions in an informal setting. |
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Definition
| the primary lexical unit of a word, which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents. |
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Definition
| grammatical rules are those concepts which follow an innate structure and meaning which loses its meaning without the rule. grammatical opinions are practiced norms which maintain the intended meaning. |
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Definition
| the hypothesis that the structure of our language in some way determines the way we perceive the world (weak -> strong). |
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Definition
| theoretical lingusitics: studies meaning, reference, truth and related notions. |
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Definition
sense: the meaning of a word or phrase distinguished from other meanings.
"president" = leader of an organization
reference: the meaning of a word or phrase expressed by virtue of its context.
"president" at PSU = Graham Spanier |
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Definition
the use of the hands and body to communicate using a highly complex and accepted form and structure, of which there are different forms and dialects in different countries and regions.
-SVO, contains verbal "aspect" (ing) via repetition. |
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Definition
| identifies something about the speaker such as race, ethnicity, origin or social class. |
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Definition
| any kind of direct relation between the sound of a word and its meaning (onomatopoeia and phonaesthesia). |
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Definition
| a mental picture of the most typical example of something - a stereotype bird with which we compare prospective birds to determine their classification. |
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Definition
| NOT a df - opposite of stimulus freedom: animals cannot sound a warning call without the presence of a danger. |
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Definition
| df - not bound to context (technically, the ability to say whatever you want in a given situation: "do I look fat in this?")(the ability to lie). |
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Definition
| df - language involves a highly organized system for constructing well-formed sentences. |
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Definition
| the relationship between two words whose meanings are identical, apart perhaps from differences in style or association (bucket/pail, rabbit/bunny). |
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Definition
| theoretical lingusitics: studies the internal structure of sentences and the relationship among their component parts. |
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Definition
| the language used in "Darmok" which hinges on the use of metaphors which suit the situation based on myth and shared experiences. Cannot be translated using a "universal transmitter" since, while the words are translated, the meaning is impossible to understand without the background. |
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Definition
| the grammaticalization of time which indicates the time of an event in relation to some moment in time. |
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Definition
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Definition
| everything in the anatomy which is involved in producing speech (diaphragm, lungs, ribs, larynx, supralaryngeal vocal tract). |
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Definition
| no accepted definition exists for a word, but they can be defined linguistically (meaning, structure, order), phonologically (system of sounds and sound patterns) and morphologically (morphemes, word roots) and semantically. |
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Definition
| a linguistic category of words (or more precisely lexical items), which is generally defined by the syntactic or morphological behaviour of the lexical item in question. |
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Term
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Definition
SVO - English, Spanish, German
SOV - Japanese, Navajo, Korean (MOST COMMON)
VSO - Arabic, Celtic
VOS, OVS, OSV |
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Definition
| "tab": the location in the sign space where the sign is made |
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Term
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Definition
| "dez": the active hand configuration used to make the sign |
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Definition
| "sig": the action of the active hand |
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