Term
|
Definition
| objective description of a speaker's knowledg of a language (competence) based on their use of the language (performance) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a set of rules designed to give instructions regarding the "correct" or "proper" way to speak or write |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| analysis of a language at a particular point in time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| analysis of language change through time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an abstract cognitive system that uniquely allows humans to produce and comprehend meaningful utterances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sound produced by complete obstruction of airflow followed by slight release of articulators, allowing frication. an affricate can be thought of as a combination of a stop and a fricative |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the motion or positioning of some part of the vocal tract (often, but not always, a muscular part such as the tongue or lips) with respect to some other surface of the vocal tract in the production of speech sound |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| term used to refer to how the airstream is modified by the articukators in the vocal tract to produce sound |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| place in the vocal tract where the constriction for the production of a speech sound is made by the articulators |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a puff of air that follows the release of a consonant when there is a delay in the onset of voicing. Symbolized by a superscript <h> (^h) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a complex vowel, composed of a sequence of two different configuration of the vocal organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the coontexts that precede and follow a sound |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sound made by forming a nearly complete obstruction of the airstream so that when air passes through the small passage, turbulent airflow (frication) is produced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sound produced with a constriction in the vocal tract that is only slightly more constricted than that for vowels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cartilage and muscle located at the top of the trachea and containing the vocal folds; commonly referred to as the voicebox |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consonant sound produced by obstruction of airflow that is less narrow than that of stops or fricatives, but more narrow than that of glides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a simple vowel, composed of a single configuration of the vocal organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sound produced by making a complete obstruction of the airflow in the oral cavity and by lowering the velum to allow air to pass through the nasal cavity, unlike oral stops |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group of sounds in a language that satisfy a given description to the exclusion of other sounds in that language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the part of the oral tract above the larynx but behind the uvula. commonly referred to as the throat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sound (usually voiced) produced with a relatively open passage of air flow. Nasals, liquids, glides and vowels are all sonorants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a complete obstruction of the airflow in the oral cavity (?) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the vocal folds; muscles that create sound vibrations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vibration of approximated vocal folds caused by air passing through them. When the vocal folds vibrate, a voiced sound is produced; when the vocal folds do not vibrate, a voiceless sound is produced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| front vs. central vs. back |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an articulation in which the lips are pursed or rounded |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an articulation in which the lips are spread or not rounded |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of a set of nondistinctive realizations of the same phoneme |
|
|
Term
| complementary distribution |
|
Definition
| the occurrence of sounds in a language such that they are never found in the same phonetic environment. sounds that are in complementary distribution are allophones of the same phoneme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| term used to refer to two sounds that occur in overlapping environments but cause no distinction in the emaning of their respective words |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two words that differ only by a single sound in the same position and that have different meanings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a class of speech sounds identified by a native speaker as the same sound; a mental entity (or category) related to various allophones or phonogical rules. phonemes are written between slashes, for example /t/ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| restriction on possible combinations of sounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phenomenon by which certain sounds are evocative of a particular meaning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bound morpheme that changes the meaning or syntactic function of the words to which it is attached |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of bound morphemethat inserted into the middle of the stem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| affix that attaches to the beginning of a stem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| affix that attaches to the end of a stem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of a set of nondistinctive realizations of a particular morpheme that have the same function and are phonetically similar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| word formation process in which a new base from is created from an apparently similar form |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| morpheme that always attaches to other morphemes, never existing as a word itself |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| morpheme that can stand alone as a word |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| word formation process by which words are formed through combining two or more independent words |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in phonology - process by which an underlying form is changed as phonological rules act upon it.
In Morphology - a morphological process that changes a word's lexical category or its meaning in some predictable way |
|
|
Term
| Part of Speech/ Lexical Category |
|
Definition
| class of words grouped together based on morphological and syntactic properties |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| modification of a word to express a grammatical relationship to other words in the sentence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smallest linguistic unit that has a meaning or grammatical function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the free morpheme or bound root in a word to which other affixes attach or on which all morphological processes act |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a morphological process between forms of a word wherein one form cannot be phonologically or morphologically derived from the other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| syntactic principle by which a certain word or words need to have particular form (e.g., a morphological marking) in order to function in a sentence in a given way or in order to function with particular other words |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| verb whose function is primarily to add grammatical information to an utterance, usually indicating tense, aspect, or other grammatical information that is not conveyed by the main verb of the sentence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the absence of inflected present-tense forms of the verb 'to be' in sentences for which Standard American English would use an inflected form |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| grouping of words that form a discrete coherent syntactic unit |
|
|
Term
| constituent phrase structure |
|
Definition
| the relationship between constituents in a sentence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rule that shows the possible (i.e., grammatical) relationships between phrasal categories and the words or phrasal categories they are made of |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| verb that takes both a subject noun phrase and an object noun phrase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| verb that takes only subject noun phrases and no object noun phrases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a visual means of representing the syntactic structure of a phrase or sentence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| property of words, phrases, or sentences that have two or more meanings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a situation in which a lexical item (a word) has two or more meanings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a characteristic of phrases that have more than one possible constituent structure and therefore more than one semantic interpretation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| words that are in some sense opposite in meaning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in relation to language, refers to the fact that a word's meaning is not predictable from its linguistic form, nor is its form dictated by its meaning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an expansion of the meaning of a word to include an object or concept that is like the original referent in some metaphorical sense rather than a literal sense |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| property of words that have the same denotation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of two or more words that descend from the same source. Usually similar in both form and meaning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a technique that compares words of similar form and meaning in languages that are assumed to be relatd, in order to establish historical relationships among them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the reanalysis of a word or phrase (usually an unfamiliar one) into a word or phrase composed of more commonly known words |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of related languages, in the sence that they come from common origins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sounds that occur in similar positions in words that are believed to be related |
|
|
