Term
| What happen to the first 7 pairs of somitomeres? What about the other 37? |
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Definition
| First seven become the striated muscle of the face, jaw, and throat. The rest become somites |
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Term
| Skeletal muscle comes from where? |
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Definition
| Paraxial mesoderm. Specifically the Myotome. These mesenchymal cells differentiate into Myoblasts then travel |
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Term
| What is the signalling molecule that does dorsalizing signals for skeletal muscles? |
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Definition
| Wnt. This will eventually lead to all the skeletal muscles of the back |
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Term
| What is the signalling molecule that does ventral lateral signalling in skeletal muscle development? |
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Definition
| BMP-4. This will give rise to all the skeletal muscles except for the back skeletal muscles |
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Term
| What is the signalling molecule associated with early striated muscle development? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| MyoD is a Helix-loop-helix transcription factor associated with development of muscle |
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Term
| What is the name for the failure of the anterior abdominal musculature to form? |
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Definition
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Term
[image]
Identify what the terms mean |
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Definition
Melia: Limb
Dactyly: digit
Mero: Part of
Acro: Tip
Poly: Extra
Ectro: Missing
A: Missing
Brachy or Phoco: Short
Dolicho: long
Hemi: Half
Phoco: Seal-like
Syn: Fused |
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Term
| What environmental effects can cause congenital anomalies of the limbs? |
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Definition
Hyperthermia
Retinoic Acid
Aspirin
Thalidomide |
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Term
| What are the general categories of anomalies? |
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Definition
Reduction
Duplication
Dysplasia |
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Term
| What are the General Causes of congenital anomalies of the limbs? |
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Definition
Arrest in Development
Failure of Differentiation
Duplication
Overgrowth
Hypoplasia
Focal Defects (amniotic band)
General Skeletal abnormalities |
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Term
| What is the anatomical position in developing infants? |
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Definition
| Palm-up, as in the regular anatomical position but the thumb is also pointing up |
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Term
| Hox genes stimulate limb direction in what direction? |
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Definition
| Both Cranial to Caudal as well as Proximal to Distal |
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Term
| What is the organizing center for the proximo-distal growth of limbs? |
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Definition
| Apical Ectodermal Ridge (AER) |
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Term
| What can result from Hox genes being turned off? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name of the factor that is coordinated by AER for proximal-distal growth of the limb? |
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Definition
| Fibroblst Growth Factor (FGF) |
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Term
| What is the result of blocking AER in early limb development? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the organizing center for the anteroposterior growth of limbs? |
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Definition
| Zone of Polarizing Activity (ZPA) |
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Term
| The ZPA works by coordinating the release of what growth factor? |
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Definition
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Term
| In anteriorposterior growth, SHH moves in what direction? |
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Definition
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Term
| What transcription factors up regulate SHH, and where are they on the limb? |
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Definition
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Term
| What transcription factors down-regulate SHH, and where are they located? |
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Definition
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Term
| Too much SHH (either from failure of Gli-2 or over-signalling from Gli-1) can result in what? |
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Definition
| Polydactyly or Polymelia. This is because the overproduction of SHH can lead to a new AER |
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Term
| Too little SSH (from failure of Gli-1 or oversignalling by Gli-2) can result in what? |
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Definition
| Diminished cranial end development. Can result in conditions such a Hemimelia |
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Term
| What protein stimulates apoptosis at the digits? |
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Definition
| BMP: Bone morphogenic protein |
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Term
| Too little BMP results in what condition? |
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Definition
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Term
| Too much BMP results in what condition? |
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Definition
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Term
| Lobster claw is the results of? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do autonomic ganglion come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do somatic nerves of the arms come from? |
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Definition
| Neural Tube (neural ectoderm) |
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Term
| Where does the mesoderm of the limbs come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| Dorsal muscle of the arm consists of? |
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Definition
| extensors, abductors, and supinators |
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Term
| Ventral limb muscle consists of? |
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Definition
| Flexors, adductors and pronators |
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Term
| What are the last nerve fibers to enter the muscle masses? |
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Definition
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