Term
| How many waves of immigrants settled in the Americas? Where were they from? |
|
Definition
5 waves
3 from Asia 12,000BCE/a few thousand years later/7000BCE
1 from Polynesia/Pacific Islands
1 from Northern Europe (Norse) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 600 mile long land bridge that connected Siberia and Alaska before the last Ice Age ended. |
|
|
Term
| By what year were people living in Siberia, wester Alaska, and Beringia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| By what year did people reach Tierra del Fuego (southern tip of South America)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where did the 3 waves of Asian immigrants settle? |
|
Definition
1st Wave: Spread throughout North and South American and spoke Amerind.
2nd Wave: Came a few thousand years later, spoke Na-Dene, and settled in the Canadian Northwest and American Southwest
3rd Wave: Crossed after 7,000BCE, settled in Northern Canada, and were ancestors of the Inuits |
|
|
Term
| When did immigration from Aleutian Islands and Alaska start? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When glaciers receded and climate warmed, what happened? |
|
Definition
| People who had gone south and east found an attractive environment teeming with game. |
|
|
Term
| What dramatically improved the hunting ability of humans? And when/where did it appear? |
|
Definition
| Clovis spear points appeared in New Mexico and Texas some time before 9,000BCE. They took <1,000 yrs to spread throughout the continents. |
|
|
Term
| What caused the exinction of some species? |
|
Definition
| over hunting and climate changes |
|
|
Term
| When the animals became exinct, what happened to the people? |
|
Definition
| A lot of them died, others became farmers. |
|
|
Term
| Where did farm villages dominate? |
|
Definition
| Parts of Peru, south central Mexico, and Southeastern US |
|
|
Term
| When did the vikings begin to occupy Iceland? What is another name for the vikings? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where did Erik the Red establish a settlement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did vikings start exploring the cost of North America? Where did they estblish a North American settlement? |
|
Definition
| 1001-1014; Vineland (on the northern coast of Newfoundland) |
|
|
Term
| What lead to the colony of Vineland's decline and abandonment? |
|
Definition
| Arguements among the inhabitants |
|
|
Term
| After the colony of Vineland was abandoned, did the viking's return to North America? Why? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happened to the Greenland settlement? |
|
Definition
| It was abandoned because of neglect, following the Black Death. |
|
|
Term
| Who was the world's most complex culture of the 15th century? |
|
Definition
| China, under the Ming Dynasty |
|
|
Term
| What country initiated overseas travel? When? Where to? Why? |
|
Definition
| China, between 1405-1434 to the East Indies and coast of East Africa, in order to confirm their belief that they had the superior culture. |
|
|
Term
| What year was the Shenandoah Valley occupied? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| By when were most large American mammals extinct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 3 things took place in the Americas between 900-1250CE? |
|
Definition
- Toltecs dominate the Valley of Mexico
- Cahokia becomes largest Mississippian mound builders' city
-Anasazi culture thrives in American Southwest |
|
|
Term
| When did the Incas begin to dominate the Andes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did the Aztecs begin to dominate Mesoamerica? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did the Portuguese begin to master the Atlantic coast of Africa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When was the first Portuguese slave factory established on the Afriacn coast? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did Dias reach the Cape of Good Hope? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did the Treaty of Tordesillas divide the non-Christian world between Portugal and Spain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did da Gama round the Cape of Good Hope and reach India? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did the Portugues discover Brazil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did Balboa cross the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did Magellan circumnavigate the globe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did Cortes conquer the Aztec Empire? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did de Vaca make make the overland journey from Florida to Mexico? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did Pizarro conquer the Inca empire? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did de Soto's expedition explore the American Southwest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When was the Jesuit mission established at Chesapeake Bay |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did Philip II issue the Royal Order for New Discoveries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did Philip II unite the Spanish and Portuguese empires? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What languages are descendents of the 1st wave of Asian settlers to the Americas (Amerind)? |
|
Definition
| Algonquian, Iroquaoian, Muskogean, Sioux, Nahuatl (Aztec), Mayan, and all South American tongues |
|
|
Term
| What languages are descendents of the 2nd wave of Asian settlers to the Americas (Na-Dene)? |
|
Definition
| Athapaskan languages, Apache, Navajo, and related American Southwest tongues |
|
|
Term
| What languages are descendents of the 3rd wave of Asian settlers to the Americas (Inuits)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What superior spear point changed the abilities of hunters? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did the clovis tip appear? |
|
Definition
| American Southwest (NM, TX) circa 9,000BCE |
|
|
Term
| After large mammals were hunted to near extinction (circa 9,000 year ago) what were the biggest animals in the Americas? |
|
Definition
Beasts: bears, bison, moose
Cat: Jaguars |
|
|
Term
| Other than hunting and gathering, how did Native Americans get food? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Farming and the domestication of animals in Asia and Africa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Farming without the domestication of animals in the Americas |
|
|
Term
| When did permenant farm villages begin to dominate parts are Peru, south-central Mexico, northeast Mexico, Europe, the Middle Easte, and East Asia? What did they grow? |
|
Definition
4000-1500BCE
They grew: amaranth (cereal), manioc (tapioca), chili peppers, pumpkins, sweet potatoes, several varieties of beans, maize, white potatoes, tomatoes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Viking leader who had been accused of manslaughter in Noraway and was later outlawed for making trouble in Iceland, lead his Norse follows to Greenland and had the first contact with the Inuits (982-983CE) |
|
|
Term
| Who was Leif Erikson (Erik's son)? |
|
Definition
| 1001CE - Sailed west from Greenalnd and explored the N. American coast. Started Vinland on the northern coast of Newfoundland. Made 4 total voyages, the last in 1014. |
|
|
Term
| What's the story of Vinland? |
|
Definition
| Founded by Norse/Leif Erikson on the northern coast of Newfoundland. Vinland was abandoned due to internal bickering. However, Norse returned to North America - most likely for wood. |
|
|
Term
| What is the modern location of Vinland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why did the Norse colony of Greenland fail? |
|
Definition
| circa 1514, the last survivor of Greenland died. Factors: Black Death (1350), little ice age, lost regular contact with their homeland. |
|
|
Term
| When did the Ottoman Turks take Constantinople? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did the Ottoman Turks overrun the Balkins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What were the advantages of the European Empire? |
|
Definition
| Economy had improved during the middle ages becasue of agricultural advances like improved plows (increase in population) |
|
|
Term
| What caused a decrease in Europe's population 1300-1500? |
|
Definition
| Population grew faster than food could support, leaving many starving or mal/under-nourished. The Black Death of the late 1340s reduced the population by more than 1/3. |
|
|
Term
| Why was there population growth in Europe after 1500? |
|
Definition
| Soil became fertile again, income rose, and people's immune systems were stronger |
|
|
Term
| Who was Johannes Gutenberg? |
|
Definition
| Inventor of the printing press and moveable type in 1430s (Germany) |
|
|
Term
| Staple crop of European settlement of 'Kingdom of Jerusalem' - in Palistine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After Europens were driven from Holy Land, where did they go/what did they do? |
|
Definition
| Went to Mediterraneaon Islands of Cyprus, Malta, Crete, and Rhodes, where they used slaves to raise sugar cane or grape vines |
|
|
Term
| Give a short evolution of European slavery. |
|
Definition
1) Moslem captives
2) 14th-15th century Slavs from the Black Sea and Adratic
3) Black slaves, starting from Arab merchants, later from Africa |
|
|
Term
| Why was Portugal able to expand? |
|
Definition
| Had internal peace and an efficient government. Location at the intersection of the Mediterranean and Atlantic made its sailors want to know how to create an all-water route to Asia. In the 15th century, they were able to navigate the high sceas eyond the sight of land and they could defeat any non-European fleet on the ocean - they studied wind, currents, were able to mount cannons first. They also made the slave trade an economy. |
|
|
Term
| What did Arab caravans tht were crowwing the Sahara bring from black Africa to Europe? AND How did the Portugeues exploration use to pay for itself? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did West Africa trade with Europe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What were the differences between Africans enslaved by Africans and Africans enslaved by Europeans? |
|
Definition
| In Africa, slaves were not forced to work themselves to death, separated into a different caste. |
|
|
Term
| When did Bartholomeu Dias reach the Cape of Good Hope & why didn't he go all the way around? |
|
Definition
| 1487CE; The crew mutanied and they turned around |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lead a fleet in 1497CE, which sailed around the Cape of Good Hope and to southwestern India. Voyage lated over 2 years. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Inter Caeteras? |
|
Definition
| A bill issued by Pop Alexander VI which divided all non-Christian lands between Spain and Porugal. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Treaty of Tordesillas? |
|
Definition
| A treaty that adjusted the dividing line between Spain (giving them the western hemisphere & the Phillipines) and Portugal (giving them the eastern hemisphere, the African coast, & Brazil). |
|
|
Term
| What happened when the Europeans invaded the Americas? |
|
Definition
| Created the first global economy because the Europeans brought plants, livestock, disease, slavery, culture, etc |
|
|
Term
| When did the Olmec (people of rubber) empire flourish? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did Toltecs dominate the Valley of Mexico & Cahokia becomes largest Mississippian mound builders’ city & Anasazi culture thrives in American Southwest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why were people concerned about Columbus' voyage? |
|
Definition
| Columbus thought that if he went 3,000 miles west he would reach the East Indies (thought the world was 16,000 mi around); leading scientists of the day thought it was 26,000mi around. It is 25,000 miles around, at the equator. |
|
|
Term
| When did the Portuguese discover Brazil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did Cortes conquers the Aztec empire; they were plied with gold to leave the 200K person city of Tenochtitlan, but were consumed by greed and invaded? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did Pizarro conquers the Inca empire (Andes) and allies the Spanish with the Incas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did de Soto’s expedition explore the American Southeast? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did Coronado explore the American Southwest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When was the Jesuit mission established at Chesapeake Bay? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did Philip II issue Royal Order for New Discoveries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How did the Portugese expand? |
|
Definition
i. Caravaned across the Sahara
ii. Sailed around African tip
iii. Created colonies and factories along trade routes
iv. Farmed plantations with African slaves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spanish minor nobles with little wealth |
|
|
Term
| Who was America named after? |
|
Definition
| Amerigo Vespucci (Spanish Explorer) |
|
|
Term
| How did the goals of war differ between Europeans and American Indians? |
|
Definition
i. Europeans wanted to kill people in order to settle matters on the battlefield
ii. American Indians wanted to capture people for sacrifice (Aztec) or adoption to replace members of the tribe (Iroquois) |
|
|
Term
| When did the Salem Witchcraft begin? |
|
Definition
| January 1692, in Salem Massachusetts |
|
|
Term
| Who were accused of being witches? |
|
Definition
| Sarah Good, Sarah Osborne, and Tuchuba. They were not well respected and others thought that they were witches as well. Later she accused well respected Rebecca Nurse. |
|
|
Term
| Who accused the 4 women of being witches? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Did many witchcraft cases go to trial? |
|
Definition
| No. If the person did not admit to being a witch it was not easy to prove. |
|
|
Term
| What evidence could be used against someone accused of a witch? |
|
Definition
If they could not recite the Lord's prayer.
Anger to the use of mischief
Spectral evidence (visions of spirits) |
|
|
Term
| Did Sarah Good or Sarah Osborne admit to being witches? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Did Tuchuba admit to being a witch? |
|
Definition
| Yes, and she named Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne as witches and they were condemned as witches. |
|
|
Term
| After Anne Putnam named Rebecca Nurse as a witch, why did the judges agree to accept for trial cases that were largely built on spectral evidence? |
|
Definition
The judges were willing to ignore precident because they felt that they were responsible for identifying and punishing sinners in the community. They believed that Gold would not punish the community would not be punished for the sins of the one. They may have believed that many people were sinning and that's why the colony had fallen from Gods favor.
Many Puritans also believed that the apocolypse was upon them and wanted to reform as many as possible before the end of the world. |
|
|
Term
| What tied witchcraft fears to apocolyptic fears? |
|
Definition
| Witchcraft accusations from the frontier suggested that the witches were bewitching New England soldiers, so that the soldiers would attack Indians. |
|
|
Term
| How many people were accused, overall, of witchcraft? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many people brought before the special witchcraft court were charged as guilty and condemned to death? How could one avoid death? |
|
Definition
| 100% of the guilty were charged as guilty and sentenced to death. However, those who confessed to the crime had their sentences suspended so that they could be used as witnesses against others who did not confess. |
|
|
Term
| When were witches who refused to confess their sins executed and how? |
|
Definition
| By summer 1692; they were hanged. |
|
|
Term
| Did Rebecca Nurse confess? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Did the evidence used against Rebecca Nurse at trial convince the jury? |
|
Definition
| No, but the judge convinced the jury to overturn the verdict and sentenced her to death. Her supporters appealed to the governer who overturned the verdict (back to not guilty) and gave her a pardon. However, the court convinced the governer that to not punish a witch would displease God and the pardon was revoked. (guilty again) and in the end Rebecca Nurse was hanged for witchcraft. |
|
|
Term
| Who was the chief sorcerer of all the witches and what happened to him? |
|
Definition
| George Burrows was found guilty at his trial. While awaiting the 'Our Father' perfectly, which should have absolved him. But, it did not - as the authorities broke with precident again - and he was executed. |
|
|
Term
| Who is Guiles Cory and what did he do? |
|
Definition
| Another man accused of witchcraft in the Salem Trials of 1692. He refused to enter a plea at all, which prevented the trial from proceeding. The judges used pressing to try to get a plea, but he was crushed. |
|
|
Term
| What three cases made the Salem community question the courts zeal to punish witches? |
|
Definition
| Rebecca Nurse, George Burrows, Guiles Cory |
|
|
Term
| How long did the witchcraft trials last? What happened to the witches in jail at the end of the trials? |
|
Definition
| 1 year; those remaining in the jails were slowly released. |
|
|
Term
| What were lasting effects of the witchcraft crisis (trials)? |
|
Definition
| Massachusetts communities were open to 'The Enlightment' - using scientific reasoning over superstition; followers of the Enlightment rejected the absolute power of churches and monarchies, which weakened the Puritans power over the government; revered sanctity of law. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cortes entered Tenochtitlan in 1519, captured Aztec ruler, Moctezuma, and replaced Aztec diety symbols with Catholic ones. After being run out of the city, and Moctezuma was killed, he returned with an army of a nearby tribe (Tlaxcalans) and attacked the city, laying it to waste and smallpox killed the Aztecs by the thousands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In 1531-1532, Francisco Pizarro located the Inca Empire. An Incan civil war allowed Pizarro to capture Atahualpa and kill his followers, which earned him allies from the other side. Although a rich ransom was paid for Atahaulpa, Pizarro had him killed anyway. This angered the Incans, who descended on the Spanish by the thousands. However, Pizarro held onto the city and the Spanish established Lima. |
|
|
Term
| What was found in Potosi (Bolivia) that became the source of Spain's wealth for nearly 100 years, starting circa 1545? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What ailments reduced the population of the Indians of the New World? |
|
Definition
| Smallpox, measles, colds which were complicated by pneumonia. |
|
|
Term
| What were staple crops of Brazil and the Carribean? |
|
Definition
| tobacco, rice, coffee, and cotton |
|
|
Term
| What technilogical barriers were broken by the mid-18th century, in the new global economy? |
|
Definition
| #1 - the use of steel in firearms for military conquest. The use of iron. European acquisition of paper, gunpowder, and the compass - from China. |
|
|
Term
| What were the biological consequences of the new global economy? |
|
Definition
| Diseases such as measles, smallpox, and even colds which the New World Indians did not have immunity against, killed by the thousands. |
|
|
Term
| What were the eco-changes due to the new global economy? |
|
Definition
| The Columbian Exchange (as named by Historian Alfred Crosby) Wild herbs were planted where settlers settled; horses multipled in great numbers; the sparrow was imported to North America; corn, potatoes, and tomatoes came from the New World back to Europe. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In November 1517, Martin Luthor nailed his 95 Theses to the cathedral door at Wittenberg in Saxony and started the Reformation. He insisted that salvation came through faith alone and that God grants saving faith only to those who hear his word preached to them, struggle to undrstand it, and admit without Gods grace, they are damned. |
|
|
Term
| In what year did Drake circumnavigate the globe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what year did Gilbert claim Newfoundland for England? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what year did Raleigh fail to colonize Roanoke Island (twice)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what year did England repel the attack by the Spanish Armada? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what year did the English settle Jamestown? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what year did Champlain found Quebec? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what year did Sandys implement LondonCompany reforms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what year did the first Africans arrive in Virginia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what year was the House of Burgesses and headright system created? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what year did the Pilgrims adopt the Mayflower Compact & land in Plymouth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what year was the Dutch West India Trading Company founded? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what year did James I asume direct control of Virginia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what year did Minuit found New Amsterdam? In what year did he found New Sweden? |
|
Definition
| 1626 (Amsterdam) 1638 (New Sweden) |
|
|
Term
| In what year did Puritans settle Massachusetts Bay? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what year was Maryland chartered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When and by whom were Providence and Hartford founded? |
|
Definition
| Providence (Williams) / Hartford (Hooker) - 1636 |
|
|
Term
| In what year did Massachusetts enact the Body of Liberties? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what year did the English Civil War begin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When was Charles I beheaded? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what year did the Quakers invade New England? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what year was Charles II restored to the English throne? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what year did the Puritans institue the Half-Way Covenant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what year was the first Carolina charter granted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what year did NJ become a separate colony? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what year was Carolina's Fundamental Constitutions proposed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what year did the English establish the first permenant settlement in South Carolina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what year did the Dutch retake NY? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what year did west NJ approve Concessions and Agreements? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what year was Charleston founded? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what year was PA charter granted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what year did NY and PA each adopt a charter of liberties? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what year did VA adopt a comprehensive slave code? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| John Calvin was a French Protestant that ebraced justificatyion by faith alone. Calvinists rejected the pope, all Catholic sacraments except baptism, and the Lorts Supper, clerical celibacy, veneration of the saints, and the pious rituals of Catholics for salvation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Members of the Protestant Reformed Church. |
|
|
Term
| Was Champlain able to unite Catholics and Protestants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Brief origins of the Jesuits. |
|
Definition
| The Society of Jesus (Jesuits) emerged in the 16th century as the Catholic Churche's best-educated and most militant religious order. |
|
|
Term
| What was the difference between the Protestants and the Jesuits trying to convert the Indians? |
|
Definition
| The Jesuits saw nothing contradictory about a nation of Christians that retained most of its indian culture. |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Dutch republicanism |
|
Definition
| Emphasized local liberties, prosperity and, in major cnters such as Amsterdam, religious toleration. |
|
|
Term
| When was the Dutch EAST India Comapny chartered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did refugees near Albany trade with the Mahicans and Iroquois? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What were Dutch patroonships? |
|
Definition
| Vast estates under a single landlord, mostly along the Hudson. Rensselaerswyck was the only one that thrived. |
|
|
Term
| What did the Dutch trade with the Iroquois in the mid-1600s? |
|
Definition
| Dutch sold muskets to the Iroquois to expand their own access to the fur trade. |
|
|
Term
| What was the Pavonia Massacre? |
|
Definition
| In 1643, Willem Kieft slaughtered a tribe of Indian Refugees to whom he had granted asylum from other Indians. It set off a war with nearby Algonquian nationas that nearly destroyed New Netherland. |
|
|
Term
| What are the origins of the word "Yankee"? |
|
Definition
| Dutch word meaning Land Pirate |
|
|
Term
| Another name for the Puritans and the Protestants? |
|
Definition
Puritans = Non-Separatists.
Protestant = Separatists (denied the Church of England) |
|
|
Term
| What was England's chief export in the mid 16th century? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the Jamestown staple crop? |
|
Definition
| Tobacco (cash crop) & corn |
|
|
Term
| Explain the headright system. |
|
Definition
| A colonist received 50 acres for each person whos passage to Virginia he financed. By 1623, Edwin Sandys had shipped 4,000 settlers to Virginia, but the economic diversification program failed. |
|
|
Term
| What was the Toleration Act and when was it instated? |
|
Definition
| Granted freedom of worship to Christians in Maryland in 1649. |
|
|
Term
| Staple crops of Virginia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where did the Pilgrams settle in the New World? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where did the Puritans settle in the New World? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who lead the Puritans at Massachusetts Bay? How many people came? |
|
Definition
| Governor John Winthrop lead approx 13,000 settlers, most of which were families. |
|
|
Term
| What were the Puritan's staple crop in the mid-17th century? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain Massachusett's bicameral legislature by the 1640s. |
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Definition
| Each towns' voters chose reps who met as the Chaber of Deputies, or lowe house. They also elected the governor and the magistrates, or upper house. Magistrates also staffed the county courts. The Court of Assitants wheard major criminal cases and appeals from the counties. The Gneral court heard final appeals, with both houses sitting together to decide judicial questions. |
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Term
| What is the Halfway Covenant? |
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Definition
| The Puritan clergy's answer to the lack of conversions in 1662 - that parents who had not experienced conversion could bring their children to church and have their children baptized. |
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Term
| What was Carolina's biggest business until 1715? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| All humans had the inner light of God within them and they could become good if they let that light shine forward. |
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Term
| Who created the Free Socity of Traders and what did the FST do? |
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Definition
| William Penn created the Free Soceity of Traders to control commerce with England and give high offices to its members. |
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