Term
| Skiers responsibility code #1: Always stay . . . |
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Definition
| Always stay in control, and be able to stop or avoid other people or objects. |
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Term
| Skiers responsibility code #2: People ahead . . . |
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Definition
| People ahead of you have the right of way. It is your responsibility to avoid them. |
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Term
| Skiers responsibility code #3: You must not stop . . . |
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Definition
| You must not stop where you obstruct a trail, or are not visible from above. |
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Term
| Skiers responsibility code #4: Whenever starting . . . |
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Definition
| Whenever starting downhill or merging into a trail look uphill and yield to others. |
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Term
| Skiers responsibility code #5: Always use . . . |
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Definition
| Always use devices to help prevent runaway equipment. |
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Term
| Skiers responsibility code #6: Observe all . . . |
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Definition
| Observe all posted signs and warnings Keep off closed trails and out of closed areas. |
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Term
| The Skills concept serves as the technical model of American Ski Instruction. It is based on the knowledge that three skills are integral to all turns, and they are essential for maintaining balance. What are the three skills? |
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Definition
| Rotational control, edge control, and pressure control. |
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Term
| This skill refers to turning the skis about the vertical axis of the body. Skiers use this action to affect the directions their skis point. |
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Definition
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Term
| This skill refers to tipping the skis relative to the length or longitudinal axis of the skis. Skiers use this action to increase or decrease the ski-to-snow angle. |
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Definition
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Term
| This skill relates to managing forces acting on the skis, transfer pressure from one ski to the other, and adjust the overall magnitude of the force acting on the skis. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ refers to the essential actions of the skis and the basic body movements that are present in all skiing, regardless of terrain, snow conditions, pitch of the slope, and speed of decent. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _________ refers to the way skiers move, or the methods they use to apply the mechanics of skiing. Different techniques provide movement options for how skiers affect or react to the action of the skis on the snow. |
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Definition
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Term
| The strategic choices skiers make in order to achieve a goal. |
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Definition
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Term
| It is said that he helped revolutionize the alpine skiing world, especially in America, with his teaching techniques and is credited with the innovation of “aerials.” Also known as the father of free style skiing. |
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Definition
Stein Eriksen
SteinEriksenSkifilms.com |
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Term
| The ability of a skier to control the direction the skis point (toward the left, right, or straight ahead). |
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Definition
Rotational control
PSIA Alpine technical Manual pg. 17 |
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Term
| What control is used to turn skis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What control is used to tip skis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What control is used to create and manage the forces acting on skis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Rotational control originates from _________ locations within the body. |
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Definition
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Term
| Rotational input changes the direction the skis _______ ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Defined as movement of the lower body to affect the direction the skis point. |
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Definition
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Term
| Leg rotation includes what elements of rotation? |
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Definition
Elements of rotation from the femur in the hip socket and lower leg(below the knee) rotation.
pg. 18 PSIA Alpine Technical Manual 2014
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Term
| What is required to make rotational action effective? |
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Definition
| The rotational action of the legs requires a strong ("stable" or "quiet")upper body to turn against. |
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Term
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Definition
| Duration, intensity, rate, and timing. |
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Term
| What is the most versatile, and, therefore, most effective source of rotational input in most skiing applications? |
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Definition
Leg rotation
pg. 18 PSIA Alpine Technical Manual 2014 |
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Term
| This rotation describes the movement when the upper body turns in one direction as the lower body (legs) turn in the opposite direction. |
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Definition
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Term
| What rotation is the most effective in situations requiring immediate, strong rotational input to the skis. |
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Definition
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Term
| What rotation can be described as an instant but short lived source of rotational input? |
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Definition
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Term
| What rotation is most effective in short turns? |
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Definition
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Term
| What rotation is useful when skis are very light, either on or off the snow? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is a cambered ski a rougher ride in chopped up snow? |
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Definition
| A cambered ski is a rougher ride in chopped up snow because the tip doesn't float on top like a rockered ski, it wants and will cut through. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the traditional profile for skis and snowboards. Camber is a slight upward curve in the middle of a ski or board, with the contact points - where an unweighted ski or board contacts the snow - close to the ends. Camber requires more precise turn initiation and offers superb precision with plenty of power on groomed terrain and harder snow. The rider's weight puts an even and concentrated pressure on the edge from tip to tail, resulting in increased edgehold and better "pop". Racers and high level park riders often prefer camber. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rocker (also called reverse-camber) is just as it sounds – camber turned upside down. All skis and snowboards, rockered or cambered, when put on edge and weighted in a turn achieve reverse-camber. Cambered skis and boards produce more pressure on the snow at the tip and tail since they have to flex further to achieve this curve. The term rocker is borrowed from watersports where rocker is common. Rocker skis and snowboards offer superior float in the soft snow and increased ease of turn initiation with less chance of "catching" an edge. As skis in general get wider, rocker helps keep the new shapes maneuverable for a wider range of skiers. Wide ski and board shapes designed primarily for powder are often rockered. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flat is often found between the tip and the tail of the ski/snowboard. Flat means flat – if you lay the ski or board on a table with no weight on it, there won’t be any space between the base and the table. Completely flat technology is more common with snowboards than with skis, and it is much more common to see skis that are almost flat underfoot with rocker in the tip and sometimes tail. Flat makes easy transitions, with better edge grip than rocker and better maneuverability than camber. |
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Term
| Explain your own ski construction, mine is a RTM 84 Volkyl ski. |
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Definition
| The TRM 84, 84-mm wide flagship of the RTM series is built to be Volkl's highest-performing, most versatile frontside/all-mountain ski (except for perhaps the carbon-rich, premium-priced V-Werks version of it). It gets Volkl's most powerful and precise XTD construction and two sheets of Titanal for grippy, damp performance at speed. Binding options include a 14 or 12 DIN. Hardpack is its natural habitat, but its 84-mm width gives it a measure of soft-snow versatility. It's part of the seven-model RTM ("Ride the Mountain") series of frontside, all-conditions skis - the all-mountain heart of the Volkl collection. Waist widths range from 84 mm down to 73 mm, with performance and price decreasing along with width. Higher end models (the 84, 81, 80 and 77) are subtly rockered from tip to tail for soft snow performance. Lower end models (75 IS, 75, and 73) get tip and tail rocker (with camber underfoot) for easy pivoting and skidding and are generally more forgiving and groomer oriented. The RTM collection features Volkl's XTD constructions, which are built with extra mass stacked over the edges for extra stability and edge bite. In lower-end RTM models, these XTD rails decrease in size and mass to give those skis more forgiving performance. All but the value-priced RTM 73 have wood cores. All are sold with bindings. |
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Term
What does anticipation in skiing refer to?
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Definition
| Anticipation describes a position, or anticipatory movement in preparation for turning, in which the upper body actively turns to face down the hill rather than across the hill in the direction the skis are pointing. Or the skis can continue to actively turn across the hill as the upper body remains facing down the hill, with the skier in an anticipated position. These movements create counter. Pg.19 |
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Term
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Definition
* A preparatory move that transfers strong rotational input to the skis when the edges are released.
*Commonly used in short-radius turns with a blocking pole plant to help stabilize upper body. Pg.19 |
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Term
| If upper body rotation is typically an inefficient movement in which the upper body turns first, followed by the legs turning in the same direction. Inexperienced skiers commonly use this type of rotational movement. The upper body produces all of the rotational input and the legs simply follow until they stop. Question: When would a person need to use upper-body rotation? |
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Definition
| A skier may use upper-body rotation effectively for tactical purposes, such as skiing heavy or wind-affected snow. In wind-crusted conditions, where it is difficult to release the sis from the snow, upper-body rotation may be used to generate the initial rotational input. Upper body rotation is: Generally not a preferred method for turning the skis, Used most often at turn initiation, most effective as a tactical source of rotational input. Pg. 20 |
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Term
| What refers to the rotational action of the skis relative to the surface of the snow? |
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Definition
| Turning. It is the muscular input used to change the direction the skis point. This term, as well as "turn," is also used to describe a skiers curved path of decent, or change in direction of travel. Pg. 20 |
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Term
| What is a skier's curved path of decent, or change in direction of travel? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does steering refer to? |
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Definition
| Steering refers to actively directing the skis along the intended arc by turning (using muscular action) an edged ski (using the edge ski design). The rotational component of steering combines with forward movement of the skis and at least a minimal degree of edge angle, causing the skis to flow the curve path of a turn. Commonly referred to as guiding, these terms describe the action of the skis resulting from a blend of tipping the skis while turning the legs. Pg. 20 |
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Term
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Definition
| Edge angle causes the skis to follow the curved path of a turn. Pg. 20 |
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Term
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Definition
| Pivoting refers to rotating a ski about an axis perpendicular to the surface of the snow. |
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Term
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Definition
| The pivot point is generally at the center if the skis, pivoting about a vertical axis of the body. pivoting can also occur about the tips or the tail of the skis. Pg.20 |
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Term
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Definition
| A pivot slip is a maneuver in which a descending skier quickly pivots the skis to slip sideways while continuing to travel in the same direction as before. Pg. 21 |
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Term
| What terms define the resulting ski performance? |
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Definition
| Turning, Steering, Pivoting. Pg. 21 |
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Term
| When rotational movements of the body are transmitted effectively to the skis . . . |
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Definition
| the rotation occurs about the vertical axis of the body and balance is not disturbed. Pg. 21 |
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Term
| Where should the skis rotate under normal circumstances? |
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Definition
| It is important that the skis rotate around an axis near the center of the skis. A skier may choose a tactical application where the skis rotate about the tips and tails, however this will compromise performance and balance. Pg. 21 |
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Term
| What is rotational balance? |
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Definition
| Rotational balance describes the relationship of the body parts as they move relative to each other. Rotating on part of the body with respect to another alters the biomechanical alignment of joints and muscles, and can greatly affect the body's ability to move efficiently and maintain balance. Pg. 22 |
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Term
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Definition
| Edge control is the ability to tip the skis onto its edge and adjust the angle between the base of the ski and the snow. Pg.22 |
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Term
| Edge control has a significant impact on both ________ and ______________? |
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Definition
| Speed and direction of travel. Pg. 22 |
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Term
| A low edge angle results from? |
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Definition
| Tipping the ski slightly on edge. Pg. 22 |
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Term
| A high edge angle results when the ski is tipped . . . ? |
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Definition
| more on edge, increasing the angle between the base of the ski and the snow. Pg. 22 |
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Term
| Effective edge control involves what? |
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Definition
| Using only the amount of edge angle necessary to accurately affect the path of the ski through a turn, promoting a gliding action of the skis. Pg. 22 |
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Term
| Inclination and ________________ are terms that are commonly used to describe body movements relative to the edge-control skill. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Inclination occurs when the skier deviates from a vertical position. In skiing, inclination is the general term for any lateral movement of a skier toward the inside of a turn. Some degree of inclination is always present in order to balance against the forces in a turn. |
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Term
| The amount a skier inclines depends on the . . . |
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Definition
| magnitude of force, which is influenced by edge angle, turn radius, pitch of the hill, snow condition, and speed of decent. Pg. 22 |
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Term
| This term refers to the movements that create angles between body parts. |
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Definition
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Term
| What two type of angulation are commonly used in skiing? |
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Definition
| Hip angulation and knee angulation. |
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Term
| [image] What type of angulation is this? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of angulation refers to the angle created at the hip joint. |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of angulation can occur by tilting the pelvis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hip angulation refers to what angle? |
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Definition
| The angle created at the hip joint. |
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Term
| The greatest degree of hip angulation comes from a combination of . . . |
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Definition
| leg rotation, abduction, and adduction of the femurs and torso flexion, primarily at the hip joint. |
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Term
| Leg rotation at the hop joint creates a separation between the . . . |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain what a separation between the upper an lower body does for your alignment. |
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Definition
| this allows the upper body to remain more upright, or bend toward the outside ski, as the lower body tips to the inside of the turn. The combination of movements creates strong, stable alignment. It allows a skier to adjust edge angles maintaining balance toward the outside ski as forces increase in a turn. |
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Term
| Hip angulation is most apparent through what phases of a turn? |
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Definition
| shaping and finish phase. |
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Term
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Definition
| Knee angulation refers to the angles created at the knee joint. |
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Term
| Does the knee joint have lateral movement? |
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Definition
| The knee joint has little lateral movement, especially when the leg is straight. |
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Term
| Knee angulation is mostly a result of what? |
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Definition
| Knee angulation is mostly the result of lateral and rotational motion of the leg combined with the bending the knee joint. |
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Term
| Is knee angulation mostly present in long or short turns? |
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Definition
| Short turns. Where forces are not long-lasting, or in instances when greater edge angles are required at slower speeds. pg. 23 |
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Term
| As forces increase due to greater speed, what can hip angulation be used for? |
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Definition
| Hip angulation keeps the body in stronger alignment, although slight adjustments in knee angulation can be used to fine-tune edge angle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Banking describes movement of a relatively straight body leaning toward the inside of a turn. Typically, with insufficient pressure on the outside ski, the edge cannot grip the snow effectively, and the ski slips or slides. Pg. 23 |
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Term
| The movements a skier chooses to use to edge the skis depends upon |
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Definition
| experience level, desired turn shape, pitch of hill, terrain, snow condition, speed of decent, and desired action of the skis. Pg. 23 |
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Term
| Skis are designed to turn when? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Sliding is the forward travel of a flat ski as demonstrated in a straight run down a slope. |
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Term
| What kind of path does a sliding ski leave in the snow? |
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Definition
| A straight path as wide s the ski's width. Subtle edge angel adjustments may be necessary to keep the skis flat on the snow. Pg. 24 |
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Term
| In which direction do flat skis travel? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Slipping is also known as side slipping, refers to the action of the skis as they travel in a direction sideways to the length of the ski. |
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Term
| Where can slipping action occur? |
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Definition
| Straight down the hill or in a forward or backward side slip in which the skis slip sideways whiled traveling diagonally down a hill. |
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Term
| What does the edge angle do during a side slip? |
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Definition
| The edge angle adjusts the speed of decent without creating a turning force. Pg. 24 |
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Term
| During a side slip, a higher edge angle does what? |
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Definition
| A higher edge angle slows the decent, while a lower edge angles allow speed to increase. Pg. 24 |
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Term
| The degree in which a skier banks or angulates is a function of what? |
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Definition
| The degree in which a skier banks or angulates is a function of balance relative to the angle of the skis. Pg. 24 |
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Term
| Slipping will leave a path on the snow that is as wide as what? |
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Definition
| The length of the skis. Pg. 24 |
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Term
| The function of the edge angle is to slow or increase the speed of decent with out what? |
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Definition
| Creating a turning force. Pg. 24 |
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Term
| Inclination is required to do what? |
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Definition
| Balance on an edged ski. Pg. 24 |
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Term
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Definition
| Skidding blends forward and sideways action of the skis. Pg. 24 |
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Term
| What is the most common interaction between the skis and the snow? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of path does skiing leave in the snow? |
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Definition
| Skidding may leave either a wide path in the snow or a very narrow path, depending on the degree of sideways travel through the turn. Pg. 24 |
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Term
| When skidding what is similar to slipping. |
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Definition
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Term
| When skidding what is similar to carving? |
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Definition
| The skis moving forward along their length and having only a small amount of sideways travel. |
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Term
| Edge angle contributes to the shape of the turn affecting what? |
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Definition
| The skier's speed of decent. Pg. 24 |
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Term
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Definition
| Carving refers to the action of an edged ski traveling forward along the length of the ski with very minimal to no sideways travel. Pg. 26 |
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Term
| Explain what a high edge angle allows when carving? |
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Definition
| A high edge angle allows the bend of the ski to create the arc of the turn, as the tail follows in the path cut by the tip. |
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Term
| Explain inclination in reference to carving. |
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Definition
| As the turn develops, the skier increases inclination (angulation) to maintain balance wit the forces that build, and to keep the ski carving through the snow. |
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Term
| What type of track does a carving ski leave in the snow? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain the term "arcing." |
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Definition
| The term arcing is used to describe the action of the tail following precisely in the path cut by the tip. |
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Term
| What is the function of the edge angle? |
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Definition
| The function of the edge angle is to access the turning force (centripetal) and minimize the braking force (friction). Pg. 26 |
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Term
| What is the arc of the turn created by? |
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Definition
| The design of the ski? Pg. 26 |
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Term
| Higher edge angles and greater degrees of inclination (angulation) will be present with greater ________ and _____? |
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Definition
| Speeds and forces. Pg. 26 |
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Term
| Any lateral movement a skier uses to increase or decrease the angle if the skis on the snow affects _______? |
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Definition
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Term
| If a skier moves too far to the inside of a turn and the corresponding edge angles are too high, what will happen? |
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Definition
| The skis will tend to go straight and not continue in a curved path, and /or the skier will fall onto his or her hip. Pg. 27 |
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Term
| If a skier does not move far enough to the inside of a turn and the corresponding edge angles are too low, what happens? |
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Definition
| The skis won't hold their intended path; they will slip or skid sideways, compromising balance. Pg. 27 |
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Term
| Pressure control requires movements to manipulate what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three distinct functions of pressure control? |
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Definition
| 1. To control the distribution of pressure from the tip of the ski to the tail. 2. Control the distribution of pressure from one ski to the other. 3. Control the magnitude of pressure acting in the base or edge of the skis. Pg. 27 |
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Term
| Skiers have primarily three means of distributing pressure along the length of the ski, all that require a forward or backward adjustment between the skier's center of mass and the base of support. What are the three means? |
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Definition
| 1. A skier may move the BOS forward or backward relative to the BOS. 2. Move the CM forward or backward relative to the BOS. Both actions produce the same relult, adjusting pressure forward and backward on the skis. 3. Move the COM and BOS in opposite directions, allowing for a quicker adjustment in pressure along the skis. Pg. 27 |
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Term
| Fore and aft movement of the CM is most effective when it originates and is controlled by flexing and extending what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Flexing or closing the the ankle joints can move the CM in which way? |
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Definition
| Forward relative to the feet. Pg 27 |
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Term
| Extending or opening the ankle joints can move the CM back relative to the feet, move pressure where? |
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Definition
| To the waist or tail of the ski. Pg. 28 |
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Term
| The for and aft adjustment of pressure should be controlled with the range of motion in what joint first? |
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Definition
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Term
| Flexing the knee joint alone moves the CM which way? |
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Definition
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Term
| Flexing the hip joint alone moves the CM which way? |
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Definition
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Term
| Extending at the hip joint moves the CM which way? |
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Definition
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Term
| Effectively adjusting the base of support involves shifting the position of the feet forward or backward underneath the what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Flexing and extending the ankles is the primary movement used to move what? |
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Definition
| The BOS, Base of support. |
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Term
| Ankle flexion can be used to pull the feet backward, underneath the body, this moves pressure which way? |
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Definition
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Term
| Ankle extension can be used to push the feet forward, moving pressure toward which way? |
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Definition
| Toward the back of the ski. Pg 28 |
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Term
| In a combination movement, the skier shifts the CM and BOS in opposite directions when? |
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Definition
| At the same time. Redistribution of pressure along the ski happens more quickly. |
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Term
| Pressure on the outside ski controls the ________ of the turn? |
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Definition
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Term
| A ski that is farthest from the center of the turn's circle is the _________ ski. |
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Definition
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Term
| Th ski closest to the center of the turn's circle is the __________ ski. |
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Definition
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Term
| Redistribution of pressure from ski to ski requires releasing pressure from the old outside ski establish pressure on the new outside ski. This cna be done in the following way . . . |
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Definition
1. Flexion if Outside leg with Extension of New outside leg.
2. Extension of both legs.
3. Flexion of both legs.
Pg. 30 |
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Term
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Definition
| A quick extension of the legs produces a momentary reduction in pressure when the skier's CM slows or reaches the top of its movement. |
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Term
| Down Unweighting is what? |
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Definition
| A quick flexion of the legs produces a monetary reduction of pressure as the skier;s center of mass drops.Pressure returns as the CM reaches the bottom of its movement. Down weighting is used to lighten pressure. |
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Term
| What is a retraction movement? |
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Definition
| Actively pulling up (lifting) the legs can lighten the connection between the skis and the snow, momentarily reducing pressure. |
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Term
| In what ways can a retraction movement be used? |
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Definition
| To clear an obstacle. Pull skis out of heavy snow. Facilitate transition in dynamic short-radius turns on steep terrain. |
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Term
| What is absorption in skiing? |
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Definition
| Allowing the muscles to relax and give in to the forces pushing on the skis creates a momentary reduction in forces. |
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Term
| The rate of flexion occurs more slowly with absorption rather than _________ and _________. |
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Definition
| Unweighting and retraction. |
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Term
| Absorption is used to regulate pressure over varied terrain such as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| A skier makes adjustments to increase, decrease, or maintain pressure on the ski by adjusting their stance to remain in ______? |
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Definition
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Term
| In skiing the forces that act upon a skier are _____________ and ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Equilibrium denotes opposing forces are in a state of ______________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The forces that act on the skis are ___________ and __________. |
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Definition
| Centripetal and friction. Pg. 33 |
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Term
| Force of Tension = Force of Centripetal. Ft = Fc. |
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Definition
| Ft can equal any force that causes an object to go into centripetal motion. Ex. Centripetal force on the sun to orbit is gravity. |
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Term
| Centrifugal force means a center fleeing force or ________________. |
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Definition
| A force directed away from the center. |
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Term
| A body in balance is in a state of _____________? |
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Definition
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Term
| An athletic stance is defined by . . . |
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Definition
| the ability of the athlete to move in any direction at any time. |
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Term
| In an athletic stance, how should the feet be positioned? |
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Definition
| The feet are approximately hip-width apart to provide a BOS. |
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Term
| In athletic stance all major joints are _______? |
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Definition
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Term
| In an athletic stance, weight and balance is toward . . . |
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Definition
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Term
| In an athletic stance the arms are ... |
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Definition
| Raised slightly above the waist, with the elbows just in front of the body and the hands positioned slightly wider that the elbows. |
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Term
| In an athletic stance the pelvis is . . . |
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Definition
| neutral (with the lower back neither arched nor the tailbone tucked.) |
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Term
| In an athletic stance the head . . . |
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Definition
| is up with vision forward. |
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Term
| What is the goal of an athletic stance in skiing? |
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Definition
| To align the body to have maiximum access to the three basic skills, while maintaining balanced relationship between the CM and the BOS. |
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Term
| The basic stance for a skier includes ... |
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Definition
| Flexion of the ankles, knees, hips, and spine. |
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Term
| From a side view, the slant of the lower leg is parallel or nearly parallel to the slant of the ___ ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Balance is an outcome of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Skills Concept? |
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Definition
| The technical model of American Ski Instruction. It is based on the knowledge that three skills - rotational control, edge control, and pressure control - are integral to all turns, and essential for maintaining balance. |
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Term
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Definition
| A ball rolling down a hill, or a ski without a skier, will seek the fall line, referring to the path of least resistance down a hill. |
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Term
| What is the Apex when describing turn shape? |
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Definition
| The apex is the place in the turn where the skis point straight down the fall line. This is approximately at the midpoint of the turns arc. Apex is also used to indicate the peak of forces in a turn. |
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Term
| The curvature of a ski is know as its ________? |
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Definition
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Term
| Three phases of a turn ____ _____ ____. |
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Definition
| Initiation, shaping, and finish. |
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